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EC number: 831-109-9 | CAS number: 5837-73-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- effects on growth of green algae
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2021-08-2021 to 2021-08-05
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: OECD guidance document No. 23 (ENV/JM/MONO(2000)6/REV1;)
- Version / remarks:
- 8 February 2019
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Version / remarks:
- adopted 23 March 2006 (Annex 5 corrected 28 July 2011)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- in accordance with OEDC Guidance No. 23
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)
- Version / remarks:
- 01 March 2016
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- in accordance with OEDC Guidance No. 23
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- In accordance with OECD TG 201 vessels should be capped with air-permeable stoppers. However, due to the volatility of the test item flasks were sealed. This modification is in compliance with the OECD Guidance document No. 23.
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Sampling method: Three replicate samples were taken from the test concentrations and six from the control group at each analytical occasion during the test.
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: no - Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: green algae
- Strain: 61.81 SAG (identical strains: CCAP 278/4; UTEX 1648; ATCC 22662)
- Source: SAG, Collection of Algal Cultures, Inst. Plant Physiology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Age of inoculum: exponentially growing, normally after an incubation period of 2 - 4 days
- Method of cultivation: The stock cultures are small algal cultures that are planted on agar regularly. These are transferred to fresh medium at least once every two months under standardized conditions according to the test guidelines. The pre-culture was prepared with OECD Medium, incubated under the conditions of the test.
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: not necessary, cultivation at conditions of test
- Culturing media and conditions: same as test
- Any deformed or abnormal cells observed: no - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- post exposure observations not performed
- Test temperature:
- 22.8 - 23.8 °C
- pH:
- 7.63 – 10.45 (pH shift due to closed test system)
- Dissolved oxygen:
- not specified
- Salinity:
- not applicable
- Conductivity:
- not specified
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: 0.70, 1.9, 5.1, 13.7, 37.0, 100 mg/L; Measured: nd*, nd*, nd*, 1.21, 3.31 and 18.51 mg/L, * = not determined
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: Erlenmyer flask
- Type: closed, sealed by parafilm and aluminium foil
- Material, size, fill volume: glass, headspace minimized, 250 mL nominal volume, fill volume 200 mL
- Aeration: no aeration but cultures mixed with orbital shaker
- Initial cells density: approx. 10^4 cells/mL in each test flask
- Control end cells density: 85.0 x10^4/mL
- No. of vessels per concentration: 3
- No. of vessels per control: 6
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: continuously illuminated
- Light intensity and quality: 7143 lux
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED:
- Determination of cell concentrations: 24, 48 and 72 hours, manual cell counting using a microscopic method with a counting chamber
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 2.5
- Range finding study: performed
- Test concentrations: 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 mg/L (nominal)
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: yes
CULTURING APPARATUS
- Details on culturing apparatus used: climate chamber - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Potassium dichromate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1.21 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- yield
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1.21 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 1.7 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 1.36 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- yield
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 7.31 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 2.55 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- yield
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC20
- Effect conc.:
- 2.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC20
- Effect conc.:
- 1.69 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- yield
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 3.31 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 3.31 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- yield
- Details on results:
- - Exponential growth in the control: yes
- Observation of abnormalities: yes
- Unusual cell shape: pinches on cells and swollen cells at the highest test concentration after 24 h and 48 h of exposure, after 72 h additionally thin cells
- Colour differences: no
- Flocculation: no
- Adherence to test vessels: no
- Aggregation of algal cells: no
- Any stimulation of growth found in any treatment: no
- Any observations that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values: the substance evaporates from the test system; evaporation was minimized by using a closed test system
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: no - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- 72h ErC50: 0.62 mg/L (95 % confidence limits: 0.59 – 0.65 mg/L);
72h EyC50: 0.33 mg/L (95 % confidence limits: 0.32 – 0.34 mg/L) - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- ECx values were determined by Probit-analysis using linear max. likelihood regression. For the determination of the NOEC/LOEC values, Dunnett´s multiple t-test (α = 0.05, 2-sided) was performed with growth rates and Welsh-t-test after Bonferroni-Holm (α = 0.05, 2-sided) was performed with yield. Pretesting on normal distribution was performed by Shapiro Wilk’s test and on variance homogeneity by Levene’s test.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- In an Algae Growth Inhibition Test according to OECD 201 and EU Method C.3, the 72-hour EC10 and EC 50 towards Raphidocelis subcapitata based on growth rate was determined to be 1.70 mg/L and 7.31 mg/L, respectively. The 72-hour EC10 and EC 50 based on yield was determined to be 1.36 mg/L and 2.55 mg/L, respectively. The 72-hour NOEC both based on the growth rate and yield was 1.21 mg/L. All validity criteria of the test guideline were fulfilled. The study is thus regarded valid.
- Executive summary:
The growth inhibiting effect of the test item towards the green algae Raphidocelis subcapitata was assessed in a study according to OECD TG 201, EU Method C.3 and GLP principles. Exponentially growing cells (approx.. 104 cells per mL at start of the test) were exposed for 72 hours to nominal concentrations of 0.31, 0.77, 1.9, 4.8, 12.0 and 30 mg/L. Untreated control ran in parallel. The suitability of the test system was confirmed in a positive control using Potassium dichromate as reference compound. For determination of the test item concentrations, samples were taken from each test concentration and from the control at each day of the test. Concentrations were determined by HPLC method with UV detection. The corresponding calculated exposure concentrations (based on analytical measurements) were the followings: not determined, not determined, not determined, 1.21, 3.31 and 18.51 mg/L. Biological results and endpoints are hence based on the measured concentrations (i.e. calculated exposure concentrations). The algal growth in relation to a control culture was determined over a fixed test period of 72 hours and, thus, over several algal generations. The test design included three replicates at each test concentration and six replicates for the control, respectively. Sealed 250 mL glass Erlenmeyer flasks filled up with 200 mL test liquid were used as test vessels. The algae cell concentration was determined by manual cell counting by microscope in each testing flask during the 72-hour test, at 24-hour intervals. To determine NOEC/LOEC values, Dunnett´s multiple t-test (for growth rate) and Welsh-t-test after Bonferroni-Holm (for yield), to determine the ECx values Probit analysis (for growth rate and yield) was used. As a result, the 72-hour EC10 and EC 50 based on growth rate was determined to be 1.70 mg/L and 7.31 mg/L, respectively. The 72-hour EC10 and EC 50 based on yield was determined to be 1.36 mg/L and 2.55 mg/L, respectively. The 72-hour NOEC both based on the growth rate and yield was 1.21 mg/L. All validity criteria of the test guideline were fulfilled. The study is thus regarded valid.
Reference
Table 1: Calculation of exposure concentrations
Nominal concentration [mg/L] | Mean measured concentrations [mg/L] | Geometric mean [mg/L] | |||
0h | 24h | 48h | 72h | ||
Control | not detected | not detected | not detected | not detected | - |
0.31 | 0.26 | 0.19 | not detected | not detected | not determined |
0.77 | 0.72 | 0.45 | not detected | not detected | not determined |
1.9 | 1.82 | 1.19 | < LOQ | not detected | not determined |
4.8 | 4.57 | 3.15 | 0.49 | 0.3 (LOQ/2) | 1.21 |
12 | 11.4 | 8.2 | 4.26 | 0.3 (LOQ/2) | 3.31 |
30 | 28.3 | 22.6 | 18 | 10.2 | 18.51 |
Table 2: Growth Rates and Yield calculated for the entire test duration (day 0-3)
Concentration | Growth rates | %inhibition | Yield | %inhibition | ||
(day-1) | ||||||
Nominal | Exposure | day 0-3 | day 0-3 | |||
control | - | 1.45 | 76 | |||
1.43 | 73 | |||||
1.49 | 87 | |||||
1.50 | 88 | |||||
1.50 | 90 | |||||
1.50 | 90 | |||||
Mean | 1.48 | 84 | ||||
SD | 0.0 | 7.5 | ||||
CV | 2.1 | 8.9 | ||||
0.31 | nd | 1.55 | -4.8 | 104 | -23.8 | |
1.47 | 0.5 | 82 | 2.4 | |||
1.49 | -0.9 | 87 | -3.6 | |||
Mean | 1.51 | -1.7 | 91 | -8.3 | ||
SD | 0.0 | 11.5 | ||||
CV | 2.7 | 12.7 | ||||
0.77 | nd | 1.51 | -2.1 | 92 | -9.5 | |
1.48 | 0.2 | 83 | 1.2 | |||
1.47 | 0.5 | 82 | 2.4 | |||
Mean | 1.49 | -0.5 | 85.7 | -2 | ||
SD | 0 | 5.5 | ||||
CV | 1.4 | 6.4 | ||||
1.9 | nd | 1.48 | -0.1 | 84 | 0 | |
1.54 | -4.2 | 101 | -20.2 | |||
1.47 | 0.5 | 82 | 2.4 | |||
Mean | 1.5 | -1.3 | 89 | -6 | ||
SD | 0 | 10.4 | 7.1 | |||
CV | 2.5 | 11.7 | -4.8 | |||
4.8 | 1,21 | 1.46 | 1.6 | 78 | 11.9 | |
1.5 | -1.1 | 88 | 4.8 | |||
1.44 | 2.7 | 74 | ||||
Mean | 1.46 | 1.1 | 80 | 4.8 | ||
SD | 0 | 7.2 | ||||
CV | 2 | 9 | ||||
12 | 3.31 | 1.13 | 23.4 | 29 | 65.5 | |
1.09 | 26.6 | 25 | 70.2 | |||
1.03 | 30.4 | 21 | 75 | |||
Mean | 1.08 | 26.8 | 25 | 70.2 | ||
SD | 0.1 | 4 | ||||
CV | 4.8 | 16 | ||||
30 | 18.51 | 0.37 | 75.3 | 2 | 97.6 | |
0.23 | 84.4 | 1 | 98.8 | |||
0.37 | 75.3 | 2 | 97.6 | |||
Mean | 0.32 | 78.3 | 1.7 | 98 | ||
SD | 0.1 | 0.6 | ||||
CV | 24.3 | 34.6 |
VALIDITY OF TEST
The cell concentration in the control cultures should have increased exponentially by a factor of at least 16 within three days (72 hours), corresponding to a specific growth rate of 0.92 day-1.
The mean coefficient of variation for section-by-section specific growth rates (days 0-1, 1-2 and 2-3) in the control cultures must not exceed 35 %.
The coefficient of variation of average specific growth rates during the whole test period in replicate control cultures must not exceed 7 %.
Description of key information
In an Algae Growth Inhibition Test according to OECD 201 and EU Method C.3, the 72-hour EC10 and EC 50 towards Raphidocelis subcapitata based on growth rate was determined to be 1.70 mg/L and 7.31 mg/L, respectively. The 72-hour EC10 and EC 50 based on yield was determined to be 1.36 mg/L and 2.55 mg/L, respectively. The 72-hour NOEC both based on the growth rate and yield was 1.21 mg/L. All validity criteria of the test guideline were fulfilled. The study is thus regarded valid.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for freshwater algae:
- 7.31 mg/L
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
- 1.7 mg/L
Additional information
The growth inhibiting effect of the test item towards the green algae Raphidocelis subcapitata was assessed in a study according to OECD TG 201, EU Merthod C.3 and GLP principles. Exponentially growing cells (approx.. 104 cells per mL at start of the test) were exposed for 72 hours to nominal concentrations of 0.31, 0.77, 1.9, 4.8, 12.0 and 30 mg/L. Untreated control ran in parallel. The suitability of the test system was confirmed in a positive control using Potassium dichromate as reference compound. For determination of the test item concentrations, samples were taken from each test concentration and from the control at each day of the test. Concentrations were determined by HPLC method with UV detection. The corresponding calculated exposure concentrations (based on analytical measurements) were the followings: not determined, not determined, not determined, 1.21, 3.31 and 18.51 mg/L. Biological results and endpoints are hence based on the measured concentrations (i.e. calculated exposure concentrations). The algal growth in relation to a control culture was determined over a fixed test period of 72 hours and, thus, over several algal generations. The test design included three replicates at each test concentration and six replicates for the control, respectively. Sealed 250 mL glass Erlenmeyer flasks filled up with 200 mL test liquid were used as test vessels. The algae cell concentration was determined by manual cell counting by microscope in each testing flask during the 72-hour test, at 24-hour intervals. To determine NOEC/LOEC values, Dunnett´s multiple t-test (for growth rate) and Welsh-t-test after Bonferroni-Holm (for yield), to determine the ECx values Probit analysis (for growth rate and yield) was used. As a result, the 72-hour EC10 and EC 50 based on growth rate was determined to be 1.70 mg/L and 7.31 mg/L, respectively. The 72-hour EC10 and EC 50 based on yield was determined to be 1.36 mg/L and 2.55 mg/L, respectively. The 72-hour NOEC both based on the growth rate and yield was 1.21 mg/L. All validity criteria of the test guideline were fulfilled. The study is thus regarded valid.
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