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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 202-491-9 | CAS number: 96-23-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DMEL (Derived Minimum Effect Level)
- Value:
- 64.68 µg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- carcinogenicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 5 000
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- BMDL10
- Value:
- 3.3 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- BMCL10
- Value:
- 32.34 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The original point of departure was the BMDL10, calculated to be 3.3 mg/kg bw/day based upon tumour incidence in males rats in a 2 year drinking water study.
A scaling factor of 50% was applied for oral to inhalation route extrapolation, a body weight of 70 kg was assumed and a daily breathing rate of 10 cubic m per worker. A correction factor of 2.8 was also applied to account for the differences between occupational and lifetime exposure (7 days/5 days *52weeks/48weeks* 75 years/40years) =2.8.
3.3 mg/kg bw/day * 50% * 70 kg * 1/10 cubic meters * correction factor of 2.8= 32.34 mg/ cubic meter.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 10
- Justification:
- The BMDL10 is not a NOAEL
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 1
- Justification:
- chronic study
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 10
- Justification:
- standard factor in the Large Assessment Factor approach
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 1
- Justification:
- accounted for in the interspecies factor above
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- default value in the Large Assessment Factor approach for workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The carcinogenicity study was conducted according to modern guidelines
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default assessment factor for "Nature of Carcinogenic process" as per the Large Assessment Factor approach
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 6.2 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
- Route of original study:
- By inhalation
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- other: ECETOC TR110
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 90
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 554 mg/m³
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- other: LC50
- Value:
- 660 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The dose descriptor starting point was the 4hr LC50 in rats of 660 mg/m3, this was modified in accordance with ECETOC guidance TR110 using a factor of 3 to estimate a non-lethal level that can be used as the basis for the point of departure for the DNEL derivation. The duration of exposure is corrected from 4 hours in rat to a 15 minute peak exposure in workers using Haber's rule where C^n x T = constant and n=3 for extrapolating to shorter time periods. (220mg/m^3)^3 x 4hrs = C^3 x 0.25 hrs C= 554 mg/m^3
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 10
- Justification:
- The dose response curve for the substance is unknown, the AF is set to a default of 10
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Allommetric scaling is not applied for the inhalation route
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 3
- Justification:
- a default value of 3 is recommended in the ECETOC TR110 for remaining interspecies variability
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 3
- Justification:
- a default value of 3 is recommended in the ECETOC TR110 for remaining variability in workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The overall quality of the database is robust
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DMEL (Derived Minimum Effect Level)
- Value:
- 64.68 µg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- carcinogenicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- other: The systemic long term inhalation DNEL is protective for long term local effects in terms of potential tumour induction
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 28.3 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- irritation (respiratory tract)
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- other: ECETOC TR110
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 7.5
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 212 mg/m³
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose descriptor is based upon the NOAEC of 80 ppm (212 mg/m^3) observed for tracheal irritation in a sub chronic rat inhalation study (6 hr/day). As irritation is a concentration dependent effect, time scaling is not neccessary to account for the difference between animal and worker exposure duration.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- allometric scaling is not required for the inhalation route of exposure or local effects.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- A default factor of 2.5 is applied to account for potential quantitative differences in deposition, airflow patterns,
clearance rates and protective mechanisms between humans and animals and assuming that humans would be more sensitive than
animals to effects on the respiratory tract - AF for intraspecies differences:
- 3
- Justification:
- a default value of 3 is recommended in the ECETOC TR110 for remaining variability in workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The overall quality of the database is robust
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DMEL (Derived Minimum Effect Level)
- Value:
- 18.48 µg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- carcinogenicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 5 000
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- BMDL10
- Value:
- 3.3 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- BMDL10
- Value:
- 9.24 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The original point of departure was the BMDL10, calculated to be 3.3 mg/kg bw/day based upon tumour incidence in males rats in a 2 year drinking water study.
Default values of 50% dermal absorption (rat) ,drmal absorption (human) and oral absorption (rat) were assumed given the lack of Toxicokinetic data- these factors cancel themselves out when calculating the corrected Dermal BMDL10. A correction factor of 2.8 was also applied to account for the differences between occupational and lifetime exposure (7 days/5 days *52weeks/48weeks* 75 years/40years) =2.8.
3.3 mg/kg bw/day * correction factor of 2.8= 9.24 mg/kg bw/day.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 10
- Justification:
- The BMDL10 is not a NOAEL
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 1
- Justification:
- chronic study
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 10
- Justification:
- standard factor in the Large Assessment Factor approach
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 1
- Justification:
- accounted for in the interspecies factor above
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- default value in the Large Assessment Factor approach for workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The carcinogenicity study was conducted according to modern guidelines
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default assessment factor for "Nature of Carcinogenic process" as per the Large Assessment Factor
approach
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 18.48 µg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- carcinogenicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- other: The long term systemic DMEL is protective for the short term exposure
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- high hazard (no threshold derived)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- high hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- high hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - workers
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - General Population
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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