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EC number: 263-000-1 | CAS number: 61788-71-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Epidemiological data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- epidemiological data
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- Sept 2007 - April 2008
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Meets generally accepted scientific standards, well documented and acceptable for assessment.
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Nickel and blood counts in workers exposed to urban stressors.
- Author:
- Rosati MV, Casale T, Ciarrocca M, Weiderpass E, Capozzella A, Schifano MP, Tomei F, Nieto HA, Marrocco M, Tomei G, Caciari T, Sancini A.
- Year:
- 2 014
- Bibliographic source:
- Toxicol Ind Health. 2014 Jul 7.
Materials and methods
- Study type:
- cross sectional study
- Endpoint addressed:
- other: Blood CBC cell counts
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Estimate exposure of individuals to Ni and examine the correlation between this exposure and the values of blood counts in outdoor workers.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- environmental nickel
- IUPAC Name:
- environmental nickel
- Details on test material:
- Environmental nickel
Constituent 1
Method
- Type of population:
- occupational
- Ethical approval:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- This study focused on a sample of 101 outdoor workers (55 male and 46 female; 65 nonsmokers and 36 smokers), all employed in the municipal police in a large Italian city. The personal levels of exposure to Ni were assessed through (a) environmental monitoring of Ni present in the urban air obtained from individual samples and (b) biological monitoring of urinary and blood Ni. The blood count parameters were obtained from the hemochromocytometric tests. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were calculated to assess the association between the blood and urinary Ni and the complete blood count. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the associations between the complete blood count and the independent variables (age, gender, years of work for current tasks, cigarette smoking habit (current and never smoker), values of airborne Ni, and blood and urinary Ni).
- Exposure assessment:
- measured
- Details on exposure:
- The individual exposure to Ni compounds in air was evaluated through the use of portable dosimeters in 8 working areas considered representative of urban air quality; 101 personal samples were collected in the studied population. The individual air samples were collected using Dorr-Oliver cyclone with a 5-μm diameter cut point for particles. Each cyclone was attached to a pump for personal air sampling; the pump was calibrated to a flow rate of 1. 7 L of air for 1 min, following the National Institute of Occupational Health regulations. Each cyclone was fitted with a cassette holding a membrane filter of 37 mm made of polyvinyl chloride. The cyclone and the cassettes were attached to the worker's collar in the breathing zone. After sampling, the cyclone was carefully dismantled. The filter membranes containing the particulates were analyzed for Ni using the 7521 method. The "digested" particulate samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry in a graphite furnace (Perkin Elmer, model HGA- 2100, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). For each sample of air, the level of the individual time-weight average (TWA) exposure to Ni for 7 h was calculated. All subjects were asked not to smoke during the sampling procedure. Also, on the same day of individual sampling, blood and urine samplings were collected from each worker.
- Statistical methods:
- The normal distribution of variables was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The results were expressed as the mean, the standard deviation, and the range (min-max). The results that were lower than the LoD, both for the personal samples and for the biological monitoring, were expressed in values corresponding to the LoD divided by the square root of 2. Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) were calculated on the log-transformed data to assess the association among the blood, urinary Ni, and personal air samples and among the blood, urinary Ni, and CBC. The correlation analysis between the values of blood and urinary Ni and the values of CBC was performed on the total sample and on the sample divided for gender (male and female) and smoking habit (current smoker and never smoker). Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the associations between CBC and the independent variables (age, gender, years of work in the current task, cigarette smoking habit (current smoker and never smoker), and concentrations of the airborne Ni and blood and urinary Ni) on the total group (n = 101 subjects). The value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. The statistical analysis was performed using the statistical software Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 for Windows.
Results and discussion
- Results:
- The total sample of 101 subjects was composed of 55 males and 46 females; 65 subjects had never smoked and 36 were current smokers. The mean (SD) values of the individual exposure to Ni in the air were 170.04 ng.m3 (356.11) 7 hr TWA. None of the workers smoked during the sampling. No samples exceeded the limit level of 1.5 mg/m3 suggested by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH) for subjects occupationally exposed to Ni. All values of the urinary creatinine were within the reference range (0.3-3.0 g/L) recommended by the World Health Organization. The blood and urinary Ni concentrations were lower than LoD in 7 (6.933) and in 6 (5.943) workers, respectively. The levels of both the blood and the urinary Ni were significantly correlated with the levels of Ni in air measured by individual samples in the total sample. As far as CBC was concerned, several significant correlations were identified between the different CBC variables and the blood/urinary Ni levels in the total sample and in different subgroups divided by gender and cigarette smoking habits. The multiple linear regression analysis performed on the total group of 101 subjects showed that (a) the log concentrations of the urinary Ni were dependent on the log concentrations of airborne Ni (R2 = 0.725; p = 0.000) and (b) the log concentrations of the blood Ni were dependent on the log concentrations of airborne Ni (R2 = 0.624; p = 0.000). The multiple linear regression analysis performed on the total group of 101 subjects confirmed the association among the levels of RBCs and urinary Ni (R2 = 0.520;p = 0.025) and Hct and the urinary Ni (R2 = 0.530; p = 0.030). The multiple linear regression analysis did not show any other significant association.
- Confounding factors:
- Exposure to other metals, benzene, toluene, and other heavy metals or other pollutants present in the urban air.
- Strengths and weaknesses:
- Strengths of this study include personal monitoring on the day of sample collection. Weaknesses include its cross-sectional design and one-time sampling that does not allow for a determination of causation.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Executive summary:
Study rated by an independent reviewer
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