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Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

May 1994

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: This robust summary has a reliability rating of 1 because the study followed a standard guideline, followed GLP guidelines, and was conducted without deviations that would invalidate the study.

Justification for type of information:

A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

The water accommodated fraction of the test material was prepared by stirring the test material in the exposure solution for 22 hours after which the the aqueous phase was removed for testing.

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

Organisms used in the test were from a laboratory culture were less than 24 hour old. The source of the culture was from Zeneca Brixham Laboratory from I.R.Ch.A., France.

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

yes

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Post exposure observation period:

None

Hardness:

196 mg/L CaCO3

Test temperature:

18 to 20 degrees C

pH:

Within Guideline requirement

Dissolved oxygen:

9.0 mg/L

Nominal and measured concentrations:

The nominal loading rate was 1000 mg/L. A control was also tested.

Details on test conditions:

The study was conducted in closed test systems that were not renewed during the study. The test systems used were 150 ml glass Erlenmeyer flasks. The control and treatment level was evaluated in replicate test systems. Ten organisms, less than 24 hours old, were exposed in each of the control and treatment solution flasks and were not fed during the study.

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

EL50

Effect conc.:

> 1 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

LL0

Effect conc.:

1 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

EL50

Effect conc.:

> 1 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

EL0

Effect conc.:

1 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Details on results:

There was no immobility reported in the treatment and control solutions at test termination.

Reported statistics and error estimates:

None

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The water accommodated fraction (WAF) of the test substance did not produce a 50% effect (immobility) with Daphnia magna at a loading of 1000 mg/L after a 48-hour exposure. Therefore, the 48-hour LL50 is reported as >1000 mg/L. There was no mortality at the 1000 mg/L loading level after 48 hours. Therefore, the 48-hour LL0 for mortality is reported as 1000 mg/L. There was also no mortality in the control.

Executive summary:

The water accommodated fraction (WAF) of the test substance did not produce a 50% effect (immobility) with Daphnia magna at a loading of 1000 mg/L after a 48-hour exposure. Therefore, the 48-hour LL50 is reported as >1000 mg/L. There was no mortality at the 1000 mg/L loading level after 48 hours. Therefore, the 48-hour LL0 for mortality is reported as 1000 mg/L. There was also no mortality in the control.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

March 1997

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: The study was conducted according to a standard guideline without deviations from the protocol and was conducted under GLP guidelines.

Justification for type of information:

A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: ISO (1990) Proposal to TC147/SC5/WG2: Determination of acute lethal toxicicty to marine adult copepods (Arcartia tonsa Dana)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

A water accommodated fraction was prepared for each treatment loading. Test substance was added to test medium and stirred for approximately 20 hours, then allowed to stand for approximately 1 hour before withdrawing an aliquot by siphon from the middle of the aqueous phase to avoid either floating or settled test substance. Seawater used in the study was UV sterilized, filtered to 0.2 um, and obtained from Scapa Flow, Orkney, UK.

Test organisms (species):

other: Arcartia tonsa

Details on test organisms:

Test organisms were 19 days old at test initiation.

Test type:

static

Water media type:

saltwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Post exposure observation period:

None

Test temperature:

19.6 to 21.7 degrees C

pH:

8.00 to 8.02

Dissolved oxygen:

97 to 99%

Salinity:

33.7‰ (3.4%)

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal treatment levels included the control and 1000, 3000, 3204, 5596, and 10000 mg/L.

Details on test conditions:

Test vessels were covered 100 ml borosilicate glasss crystallizing dishes containing 50 ml of test medium. 18 to 21 organisms were tested per treatment level and 38 organisms were tested in the control. No more than 11 organisms were added to a test vessel.

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

3,5-dichorophenol

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

LL50

Effect conc.:

> 10 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LL50

Effect conc.:

> 10 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Details on results:

Mortality results for the definitive test:
Nominal Copepod Total
Loading Mortality Mortality
(mg/L) (@ 24, 48 hrs)* (%)
Control 0, 1 3
1000 2, 3 17
3000 0, 0 0
3204 0, 1 5
5596 1, 1 5
10,000 0, 1 5

*38 organisms tested in the control and 18 to 21 organisms tested in the treatment levels

Results with reference substance (positive control):

The 48-hour LC50 value for 3,5-dichlorophenol was 0.78 mg/L, which compared to the historical laboratory mean concentration of 0.68 mg/L.

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Statistical analyses were not conducted as 50% motality was not reached.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

Water accommodated fractions (WAFs) of the test substance did not produce 50% mortality with Arcartia tonsa at loading levels ranging between 1000 and 10,000 mg/L after a 48-hour exposure. Therefore, the 48-hour LL50 is reported as >10,000 mg/L.

Executive summary:

Water accommodated fractions (WAFs) of the test substance did not produce 50% mortality with Arcartia tonsa at loading levels ranging between 1000 and 10,000 mg/L after a 48-hour exposure. Therefore, the 48-hour LL50 is reported as >10,000 mg/L. Although the three highest loading levels demonstrated a low degree of mortality, the reported mortality was eqivalent to the control. The 17% mortality reported in the 1000 mg/L loading level was the highest mortality reported in any of the treatment levels, but as this occurred in the lowest level and the treatment levels above it demonstrated either no mortality or mortality that was comparable to the control, the mortality in the lowest loading level is not considered significant.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

January 1992

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: see 'Remark'

Remarks:

This robust summary has a reliability rating of 2 because although analytical monitoring accompanied the study, only one new and old exposure solution was analyzed on one day. However, the study generally followed a standard guideline and GLP, and was conducted without deviations that would invalidate the study.

Justification for type of information:

A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPPTS 850.1020 (Gammarid Acute Toxicity Test)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

The only samples analyzed were a water accommodated fraction prepared at 1000 mg/L and the control used on Day 2 of the study. Both samples were analyzed upon preparation and after 24 hours.

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

Individual treatment solutions were prepared by adding accurately weighed test substance, to 0.5 L of natural seawater in erlenmeyer flasks. The stock solutions were thoroughly mixed for 24 hours and then the phases were allowed to separate for 24 hours. The Water Accommodated Fraction (WAF) was then drawn off the mixing vessel into the test vessels.

Test organisms (species):

other aquatic crustacea: Chaetogammarus marinus

Details on test organisms:

Test organisms were collected in the field in September, 1991 and cultured in the laboratory for 5 months prior to use in the test. They had a mean length of 3.2 mm. During the test, each test organisms was fed a few Artemia nauplii per day.

Test type:

semi-static

Water media type:

saltwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Post exposure observation period:

None

Test temperature:

15.1 to 15.7 degrees C

pH:

7.3 to 8.0

Dissolved oxygen:

Greater than 6.2 mg/L

Salinity:

33.6‰ (3.4%)

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal treatment levels were control, 10, 32, 100, 320, and 1000 mg/L. Measured concentrations were reported for one treatment level and the control for day 2 for the freshly prepared solutions and after 24 hours upon renewal. The 1000 mg/L treatment solution measured 0.188 mg/L when freshly prepared, and 0.102 mg/L after 24 hours. Results of the control analyses were not reported.

Details on test conditions:

Test vessels were closed scintillation vials filled with about 20 ml of test solution. Ten replicates of each concentration and control were tested, each containing 1 test organism. 10 organisms were tested at each exposure dose and the control. The test organisms were gently transferred daily to vials with freshly prepared WAF. Lighting was 16 hrs light and 8 hrs dark.

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

LL50

Effect conc.:

> 1 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LL50

Effect conc.:

> 1 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

LL50

Effect conc.:

> 1 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LL50

Effect conc.:

> 1 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

NOELR

Effect conc.:

32 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

NOELR

Effect conc.:

< 10 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

other: swimming behavior and food uptake

Remarks on result:

other: 10 mg/L was the lowest loading rate evaluated in the study

Details on results:

Nominal Crustacean Total
Loading Mortality* Mortality
(mg/L) (@ 24, 48, 72, 96 hrs) (%)
Control 0, 0, 0, 0 0
10 0, 0, 0, 1 10
32 0, 0, 0, 0 0
100 0, 0, 2, 4 40
320 0, 0, 0, 2 20
1000 0, 0, 2, 2 20

* 10 organisms tested at each of the control and treatment levels

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Statistical analyses were not conducted.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

Water accommodated fractions (WAFs) of the test substance did not produce a 50% effect (mortality) with Chaetogammarus marinus at loadings up to 1000 mg/L after a 96-hour exposure. Therefore, the 96-hour LL50 is reported as >1000 mg/L. Mortality was observed in the 3 highest loadings, 100, 320, and 1000 mg/L after 96 hours, but no greater than 40% mortality was demonstrated and the two highest loading levels demonstrated only 20% mortality. Therefore, the 96-hour NOELR for mortality is reported as 32 mg/L. There was also no mortality in the control.

Executive summary:

Water accommodated fractions (WAFs) of the test substance did not produce 50% mortality with Chaetogammarus marinus after 96 hours at loadings up to 1000 mg/L. Therefore, the LL50 is reported as >1000 mg/L. 40% mortality was observed in the 100 mg/L loading treatment, but only 20% mortality was observed in the 320 and 1000 mg/L loading treatments. Therefore, the NOELR for mortality is reported as 32 mg/L. Because effects on swimming and feeding behavior were observed at all loading levels the NOELR for these endpoints is reported as <10 mg/L, the lowest loading level tested. There was no mortality in the control during the study. The control and treatment solutions were renewed every 24 hours. Analytical results showed that the 1000 mg/L treatment solution contained components of the test substance and that their combined concentration represented 0.188 mg/L of the test substance, based on one sample from a freshly prepared WAF for day 2. The 24-hour old sample from day 2 measured 0.102 mg/L. These were the only analyses performed on the treatment solutions. The low analytical results are to be expected because of the very low water solubility of the components of the test substance. The reported 0.188 mg/L concentration is likely the highest achievable concentration of the test substance at the 1000 mg/L loading rate under the conditions of the test.

Reference 4

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

October 1990

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: This robust summary has a reliability rating of 2 because only limited analyses accompanied the study. However, the study generally followed a standard guideline and GLP, and was conducted without deviations that would invalidate the study.

Justification for type of information:

A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPPTS 850.1020 (Gammarid Acute Toxicity Test)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

The water accommodated fraction prepared at 10000 mg/L and the control used on Day 3 of the study were analyzed. Both samples were analyzed upon preparation and after 24 hours.

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

Individual treatment solutions were prepared by adding accurately weighed test substance, to 1.0 L of natural seawater in erlenmeyer flasks. The stock solutions were thoroughly mixed and the phases were allowed to separate for 24 hours. The Water Accommodated Fraction (WAF) was then drawn off the mixing vessel into the test vessels.

Test organisms (species):

other aquatic crustacea: Chaetogammarus marinus

Details on test organisms:

Test organisms were cultured in the laboratory prior to use in the test. They had a mean length of 4.2 mm. During the test, each test organism was fed a few Artemia nauplii per day.

Test type:

semi-static

Water media type:

saltwater

Limit test:

yes

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Post exposure observation period:

None

Test temperature:

15.0 degrees C (mean)

pH:

7.8 to 7.9 for new solutions and 7.7 to 8.0 for 24-hour old solutions.

Dissolved oxygen:

7.7 to 9.1 mg/L for new solutions and 6.8 to 8.5 mg/L for 24-hour old solutions.

Salinity:

33.7‰ (3.4%)

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal treatment levels included the control and 10,000 mg/L. Measured concentrations were determined only for the treatment level on day 3 for the freshly prepared treatment solution and after 24 hours upon renewal. The 10,000 mg/L treatment solution analytical results were only reported for the normal paraffinic constituents, which totaled greater than the limit of detection (0.004 mg/L) in the freshly prepared exposure solution and at the limit of detection, 0.004 mg/L, in the 24-hour old exposure solution. The purpose of the analyses was to demonstrate that components of the test substance were in solution, because no effects were demonstrated in the study.

Details on test conditions:

Test vessels were closed scintillation vials filled with approximately 20 ml of test solution. Twenty replicates each of the treatment and control were tested, each containing 1 test organism. The test organisms were gently transferred daily to vials with freshly prepared WAF. Lighting was 16 hrs light and 8 hrs dark.

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

LL50

Effect conc.:

> 10 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LL50

Effect conc.:

> 10 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

LL50

Effect conc.:

> 10 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LL50

Effect conc.:

> 10 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

NOELR

Effect conc.:

10 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

NOELR

Effect conc.:

10 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

other: Swimming behavior and food uptake

Details on results:

Mortality results for the definitive test:
Nominal Crustacean Total
Loading Mortality Mortality
(mg/L) (@ 24, 48, 72, 96 hrs)* (%)
Control 0, 0, 0, 0 0
10,000 0, 0, 0, 0 0

Mortality results for the range-finding test:
Nominal Crustacean Total
Loading Mortality Mortality
(mg/L) (@ 24, 48, 72, 96 hrs)* (%)
Control 0, 0, 0, 0 0
1 0, 0, 0, 0 0
100 0, 0, 0, 0 0
1000 0, 0, 0, 0 0

*20 organisms tested at each of the control and treatment levels

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Statistical analyses were not conducted.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The water accommodated fraction (WAF) of the test substance did not produce a 50% effect (mortality) with Chaetogammarus marinus at a loading of 10,000 mg/L after a 96-hour exposure. Therefore, the 96-hour LL50 is reported as >10,000 mg/L. There was no mortality at the 10,000 mg/L loading level after 96 hours. Therefore, the 96-hour NOELR for mortality is reported as 10,000 mg/L. There was also no mortality in the control.

Executive summary:

The water accommodated fraction (WAF) of the test substance did not produce a 50% effect (mortality) with Chaetogammarus marinus after 96 hours at a loading of 10,000 mg/L, the only treatment level tested. Therefore, the 96-hour LL50 is reported as >10,000 mg/L. There was no mortality at the 10,000 mg/L loading level after 96 hours and no effects on swimming and feeding behavior were observed. Therefore, the 96-hour NOELR for these endpoints is reported as 10,000 mg/L. There was also no mortality in the control during the study. The control and treatment solutions were renewed every 24 hours. Analytical results showed that the treatment solution contained components of the test substance and that their combined concentration was greater than the limit of detection of the test substance, based on one sample from a freshly prepared WAF for day 3. The only components of the test substance quantitated were the normal paraffins. Threrefore, the analytical data do not characterize the solubility of the test substance from the 10,000 mg/L loading, but only serve to demonstrate that components of the test substance were in solution. The concentration of the test substance from the day three 24-hour old sample was reported at the limit of detection. The low analytical results are to be expected because of the very low water solubility of the components of the test substance. The day 3 analyses were conducted because no effects were observed during the first two days of the study and confirmation of exposure to the test substance was needed.

Description of key information

The water accommodated fraction (WAF) of hydrocarbons, C10-C13, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics, did not produce a 50% effect (immobility) with Daphnia magna at a loading of 1000 mg/L after a 48-hour exposure. Therefore, the 48-hour LL₅₀ is reported as >1000 mg/L. There was no mortality at the 1000 mg/L loading level after 48 hours. Therefore, the 48-hour LL₀ for mortality is reported as 1000 mg/L. There was also no mortality in the control. These data are used as read-across data to hydrocarbons, C10-14 (even numbered), n-alkanes, isoalkanes, <2% aromatics.

Water accommodated fractions (WAFs) of hydrocarbons, C9-11, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics, did not produce a 50% effect (mortality) with Chaetogammarus marinus at loadings up to 1000 mg/L after a 96-hour exposure. Therefore, the 96-hour LL₅₀ is reported as >1000 mg/L. Mortality was observed in the 3 highest loadings, 100, 320, and 1000 mg/L after 96 hours, but no greater than 40% mortality was demonstrated and the two highest loading levels demonstrated only 20% mortality. Therefore, the 96-hour NOELR for mortality is reported as 32 mg/L. There was also no mortality in the control. These data are used as read-across data to C10-14 (even numbered), n-alkanes, isoalkanes, <2% aromatics.

The water accommodated fraction (WAF) of hydrocarbons, C11-14, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics, did not produce a 50% effect (mortality) with Chaetogammarus marinus at a loading of 10,000 mg/L after a 96-hour exposure. Therefore, the 96-hour LL₅₀ is reported as >10,000 mg/L. There was no mortality at the 10,000 mg/L loading level after 96 hours. Therefore, the 96-hour NOELR for mortality is reported as 10,000 mg/L. There was also no mortality in the control. These data are used as read-across data to hydrocarbons, C10 -14 (even numbered), n-alkanes, isoalkanes, <2% aromatics.

Water accommodated fractions (WAFs) of hydrocarbons, C11-14, n-alkanes, <2% aromatics did not produce 50% mortality with Arcartia tonsa at loading levels ranging between 1000 and 10,000 mg/L after a 48-hour exposure. Therefore, the 48-hour LL₅₀ is reported as >10,000 mg/L. These data are used as read-across data to C10-14 (even numbered), n-alkanes, isoalkanes, <2% aromatics.