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EC number: 210-568-3 | CAS number: 618-88-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Biodegradation in water: screening tests
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Remarks:
- Experimental data from structurally similar read across analogue
- Justification for type of information:
- Experimental data from structurally similar read across analogue
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: refer principle below
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- WoE report is prepared based on bidegradability of test chemical study: WoE-2 and WoE-3
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- other:
- Remarks:
- WoE-2 Mixed inoculum and WoE-3: activated sludge, adapted
- Details on inoculum:
- WoE-2: Mixed Inoculum Preparation:Polyseed were used for this study. 1 polyseed capsule was added in 500 ml D.I water and then stirred for 1 hour for proper mixing and functioning of inoculum. This gave the bacterial count as 10E7 to 10E8 CFU/ml. At the regular interval microbial plating was also performed on agar to confirm the vitality and CFU count of microorganism.
WoE-3
- Source of inoculum/activated sludge (e.g. location, sampling depth, contamination history, procedure): sewage plant
- Laboratory culture: 1000ml volumetric cylinder
- Method of cultivation: Activated sludge taken from a sewage plant is cultivated in a 1000ml volumetric cylinder. The mixture is aerated with pressure air. Every day 200 ml of the mixture is driven off so that the sludge age is 5 days. After driving off the 200ml of the mixture aeration is interrupted, and after sedimentation ca. 600ml of the liquid phase is driven off. The residue (200 ml of the thickened activated sludge) is diluted with tap water to the volume of ca. 800 ml and 600 mg/l of starch or glucose, 600 mg/l of peptone, 25 ml of a phosphate buffer pH 7.2, and the solution of the tested compound are added. Then the mixture in the cylinder is made up to 1000ml with tap water and aerated for 23 h (the recirculation ratio is 0-25). After this period the procedure is repeated.
- Initial cell/biomass concentration: 100 mg/l - Duration of test (contact time):
- 28 d
- Initial conc.:
- 4 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Initial conc.:
- 200 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- other: COD removal
- Details on study design:
- WoE-2:
TEST CONDITIONS
- Composition of medium: OECD mineral medium was used for the study
- Test temperature: 20°C
- Continuous darkness: Yes
- Other: The water used in this study is deionized water.
TEST SYSTEM
- Culturing apparatus: The apparatus used in this study is BOD bottles; with glass stoppers (125 ml), BOD incubator & oxygen electrode and meter.
CONTROL AND BLANK SYSTEM
- Inoculum blank: it contains only test inoculum
- Procedure control: contains reference compound and inoculum
WoE-3
TEST CONDITIONS
- Composition of medium: In ca. 800 ml of distilled water solutions of calcium chloride (27.5 g CaCl2 in 1l Distilled water) magnesium sulphate (22.5 g MgSO4.7H20 in I 1. distilled water), and ferric chloride (0.25 g FeCI3.6 H20 in 11. distilled water) are added in 1 ml portions each. Then 5 ml ammonium sulphate solution [10g (NH4)2SO4 in 11. distilled water], 20ml of a phosphate buffer of pH 7.2 (8.5 g KH2PO4, 21.8g K2HPO4, and 44.7g Na2HPO4. 12 H2O in 1l distilled water), and 100ml of tap water for securing the content of trace elements, are added. The solution thus prepared is made up to 1000ml with distilled water.
- Test temperature: 20±3°C
- pH: 7.2
- pH adjusted: No
- Aeration of dilution water: The mixture is aerated with pressure air
- Continuous darkness: Yes , dark room
- Other: Beaker containing inoculums is placed on electromagnetic stirrer.
CONTROL AND BLANK SYSTEM
Inoculum blank: Yes - Reference substance:
- benzoic acid, sodium salt
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- 73.33
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Other details not known
- Parameter:
- other: COD removal
- Value:
- 96.8
- Sampling time:
- 20 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Sampling time - < 20 days
- Details on results:
- WoE-2:
The oxygen consumed by the test systems was corrected for oxygen consumption occurring in the blank test systems.The BOD Values (mgO2/mg) and percent biodegradation results for each test system are reported in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. The BOD28 value of test chemical was observed to be 0.77 mgO2/mg. ThOD was determined by calculation as 1.05 mgO2/mg. % degradation was calculated using the values of BOD and ThOD for test item and was determined to be 73.33% at 20 ± 1°C. The % degradation of procedure control (reference item) was also calculated using BOD & ThOD and was determined to be 75.3%. Degradation of Sodium Benzoate exceeds 46.38% on 7 days & 61.44% on 14th day. The activity of the inoculum was thus verified and the test can be considered as valid.
WoE-3
The percentage degradation of test chemical was determined to be 94.6% in < 20 days by using COD removal parameter. - Results with reference substance:
- WoE-2:
The % degradation of procedure control (reference item) was also calculated using BOD & ThOD and was determined to be 75.3%. Degradation of Sodium Benzoate exceeds 46.38% on 7 days & 61.44% on 14th day. The activity of the inoculum was thus verified and the test can be considered as valid. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- By applying weight of evidence approach the percent biodegradation of test chemical is expected to be in range from 73.33% to 96.8% in aerobic condition and in 28 days. On the basis of this percent biodegradability test chemical is considered to be readily biodegradable.
- Executive summary:
Biodegradability of test chemical was determined by using weight of evidence approach by using different experimental data from its structurally similar read across analogues and their results are summarized below
In first study the Closed Bottle test following the OECD guideline 301 D was conducted to determine the ready biodegradability of the test chemical. The study was performed at a temperature of 20°C. The test system included control, test chemical and reference chemical. Polyseed were used as inoculum. The concentration of test and reference chemical (Sodium Benzoate) chosen for both the study was 4 mg/L, while that of inoculum was 32 ml/l. OECD mineral medium was used for the study. ThOD (Theoretical oxygen demand) of test and reference chemical was determined by calculation. % degradation was calculated using the values of BOD and ThOD for test chemical and reference chemical. The % degradation of procedure control (reference chemical) was also calculated using BOD & ThOD and was determined to be 75.3%. Degradation of Sodium Benzoate exceeds 46.38% on 7 days & 61.44% on 14th day. The activity of the inoculum was thus verified and the test can be considered as valid.The BOD28 value of test chemical was observed to be 0.77 mgO2/mg. ThOD was calculated as 1.05 mgO2/mg. Accordingly, the % degradation of the test chemical after 28 days of incubation at 20 ± 1°C according to Closed Bottle test was determined to be 73.33%. Based on the results, the test chemical, under the test conditions, was considered to be readily biodegradable in nature.
Another study was reviewed from journal Water Research, 1976 in this a batch test in an open system was conducted for 20 days for evaluating the biodegradability of test chemical. Adapted activated sludge was used as a test inoculum obtained from a sewage plant is cultivated in a1000ml volumetric cylinder. The mixture is aerated with pressure air. Every day 200 ml of the mixture is driven off so that the sludge age is 5 days. After driving off the 200ml of the mixture aeration is interrupted, and after sedimentation ca.600ml of the liquid phase is driven off. The residue (200 ml of the thickened activated sludge) is diluted with tap water to the volume ofca.800 ml and 600 mg/l of starch or glucose, 600 mg/l of peptone, 25 ml of a phosphate buffer pH 7.2, and the solution of the tested compound are added. Then the mixture in the cylinder is made up to 1000ml with tap water and aerated for 23 h (the recirculation ratio is 0-25). After this period the procedure is repeated. Test chemical conc. used for the study was 200 mg/l based on COD. To 1000-1500ml of the biological medium such amount of the solution of the substance tested is added that the initial COD is 200 mg/l. Then such an amount of the adapted activated sludge, washed and thickened by sedimentation, is dosed to the medium that the concentration of the dry matter is 100 mg/l. simultaneously, a blank test is prepared. The beaker is placed in a dark room with a roughly 3 constant temperature of 20±3°C on an electromagnetic stirrer and a pH of 7.2 for 120 hrs. The initial value of COD or organic carbon of the liquid phase are determined. Samples filtered or centrifuged before analysis, are taken at suitable intervals. The decrease of the tested substance in the liquid phase is evaluated by determining COD or organic carbon. The results are compared with those of a blank test and standard compound decomposition. With the degree of degradation also the average specific rate of degradation is determined, expressed in terms of mg COD (or organic carbon) removed by a gram of dry matter of the activated sludge per hour. The percentage degradation of test chemical was determined to be 96.8% by using COD removal parameter in < 20 days. Thus, based on percentage degradation, test chemical was considered to be readily biodegradable in nature.
By considering results of both the studies mentioned above and applying weight of evidence approach the percent biodegradation of test chemical is expected to be in range from 73.33% to 96.8% in aerobic condition and in 28 days. On the basis of this percent biodegradability test chemical is considered to be readily biodegradable.
Reference
WoE-2:
TABLE 2: D.O Values (mg/L)
No. of Days |
Inoculum Blank (Control) |
Test Suspension |
Procedure Control (Reference Item) |
0 |
7.4 |
7.3 |
7.2 |
7 |
6.9 |
5.4 |
3.6 |
14 |
6.6 |
4 |
2.3 |
21 |
6.2 |
3.4 |
1.5 |
28 |
5.9 |
2.7 |
0.7 |
TABLE 2: BOD Values (mg O2/mg)
No. of Days |
Test Suspension |
Procedure Control (Reference Item) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
0.35 |
0.77 |
14 |
0.62 |
1.02 |
21 |
0.67 |
1.12 |
28 |
0.77 |
1.25 |
TABLE 3: PERCENT BIODEGRDATION RESULTS
No. of Days |
Test Suspension |
Procedure Control (Reference Item) |
0 |
0% |
0% |
7 |
33.33% |
46.38% |
14 |
59.04% |
61.44% |
21 |
65.8% |
67.46% |
28 |
73.33% |
75.3% |
Table 4: BOD28, THOD AND % BIODEGRADATION VALUES
Method details |
BOD28 (mgO2/mg) |
ThOD (mgO2/mg) |
%Biodegradation |
Test Item |
0.77 |
1.05 |
73.33 |
Reference Item |
1.25 |
1.66 |
75.3 |
WoE-3
Table: Biodegradability of the test compounds
Compound
|
Percent removed(based upon COD)
|
Rate of biodegradation (mg COD g-1h-1)
|
Test chemical
|
96.8
|
78.4
|
Description of key information
By applying weight of evidence approach the percent biodegradation of test chemical is expected to be in range from 73.33% to 96.8% in aerobic condition and in 28 days. On the basis of this percent biodegradability test chemical is considered to be readily biodegradable.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Biodegradation in water:
- readily biodegradable
- Type of water:
- freshwater
Additional information
Biodegradability of test chemical was determined by using weight of evidence approach by using different experimental data from its structurally similar read across analogues and their results are summarized below
In first study the Closed Bottle test following the OECD guideline 301 D was conducted to determine the ready biodegradability of the test chemical. The study was performed at a temperature of 20°C. The test system included control, test chemical and reference chemical. Polyseed were used as inoculum. The concentration of test and reference chemical (Sodium Benzoate) chosen for both the study was 4 mg/L, while that of inoculum was 32 ml/l. OECD mineral medium was used for the study. ThOD (Theoretical oxygen demand) of test and reference chemical was determined by calculation. % degradation was calculated using the values of BOD and ThOD for test chemical and reference chemical. The % degradation of procedure control (reference chemical) was also calculated using BOD & ThOD and was determined to be 75.3%. Degradation of Sodium Benzoate exceeds 46.38% on 7 days & 61.44% on 14th day. The activity of the inoculum was thus verified and the test can be considered as valid.The BOD28 value of test chemical was observed to be 0.77 mgO2/mg. ThOD was calculated as 1.05 mgO2/mg. Accordingly, the % degradation of the test chemical after 28 days of incubation at 20 ± 1°C according to Closed Bottle test was determined to be 73.33%. Based on the results, the test chemical, under the test conditions, was considered to be readily biodegradable in nature.
Another study was reviewed from journal Water Research, 1976 in this a batch test in an open system was conducted for 20 days for evaluating the biodegradability of test chemical. Adapted activated sludge was used as a test inoculum obtained from a sewage plant is cultivated in a1000ml volumetric cylinder. The mixture is aerated with pressure air. Every day 200 ml of the mixture is driven off so that the sludge age is 5 days. After driving off the 200ml of the mixture aeration is interrupted, and after sedimentation ca.600ml of the liquid phase is driven off. The residue (200 ml of the thickened activated sludge) is diluted with tap water to the volume ofca.800 ml and 600 mg/l of starch or glucose, 600 mg/l of peptone, 25 ml of a phosphate buffer pH 7.2, and the solution of the tested compound are added. Then the mixture in the cylinder is made up to 1000ml with tap water and aerated for 23 h (the recirculation ratio is 0-25). After this period the procedure is repeated. Test chemical conc. used for the study was 200 mg/l based on COD. To 1000-1500ml of the biological medium such amount of the solution of the substance tested is added that the initial COD is 200 mg/l. Then such an amount of the adapted activated sludge, washed and thickened by sedimentation, is dosed to the medium that the concentration of the dry matter is 100 mg/l. simultaneously, a blank test is prepared. The beaker is placed in a dark room with a roughly 3 constant temperature of 20±3°C on an electromagnetic stirrer and a pH of 7.2 for 120 hrs. The initial value of COD or organic carbon of the liquid phase are determined. Samples filtered or centrifuged before analysis, are taken at suitable intervals. The decrease of the tested substance in the liquid phase is evaluated by determining COD or organic carbon. The results are compared with those of a blank test and standard compound decomposition. With the degree of degradation also the average specific rate of degradation is determined, expressed in terms of mg COD (or organic carbon) removed by a gram of dry matter of the activated sludge per hour. The percentage degradation of test chemical was determined to be 96.8% by using COD removal parameter in < 20 days. Thus, based on percentage degradation, test chemical was considered to be readily biodegradable in nature.
By considering results of both the studies mentioned above and applying weight of evidence approach the percent biodegradation of test chemical is expected to be in range from 73.33% to 96.8% in aerobic condition and in 28 days. On the basis of this percent biodegradability test chemical is considered to be readily biodegradable.
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