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EC number: 233-162-8 | CAS number: 10049-04-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Epidemiological data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- epidemiological data
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- disregarded due to major methodological deficiencies
- Study period:
- no data
- Reliability:
- other: Not applicable for non-standard epidemiological study
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- This study does not properly describe and justify the recruitment procedures of the workers. The characterization of exposure is not adequate as atmospheric concentrations were not measured continuously. Consideration of bias and confounding factors is not done and statistics could not be done as the workers number is too low.
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Health hazards from chlorine dioxide
- Author:
- Gloemme J. and Lundgren K.-D.
- Year:
- 1 957
- Bibliographic source:
- A.M.A. Archives of industrial health; 16(2):169-176
Materials and methods
- Study type:
- longitudinal study
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- During 1953-1955 a number of workers at a large factory for the production of sulphite cellulose was examined. The investigation covered personnel engaged in the chlorine- and chlorine-dioxide-producing sections and the bleaching section. The clinical investigation consisted of comprehensive control about two years after the work on ClO2 had begun and a similar control after a further two years.
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Chlorine dioxide
- EC Number:
- 233-162-8
- EC Name:
- Chlorine dioxide
- Cas Number:
- 10049-04-4
- Molecular formula:
- ClO2
- IUPAC Name:
- Chlorine Dioxide
- Details on test material:
- The chlorine dioxide is produced by causing sulfur dioxide to reduce sodium chlorate in an acid solution.
Constituent 1
Method
- Type of population:
- occupational
- Ethical approval:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
- Type: Clinical tests
- Details: roentgenographic study of the sinuses, lungs, and heart; electrocardiograms; function tests with a cycle ergometer with simultaneous tracing of pulse and respiration frequency; bronchoscopy with biopsy of the bronchial mucosa and culture of any bronchial secretions, and spirometry, including determination of vital capacity, total capacity, residual lung volume.
STUDY PERIOD: no data
STUDY POPULATION
- Total population: 3 cases reported
- Selection criteria: no data
- Total number of subjects participating in study: 12
- Sex/age/race: men
- Smoker/non-smoker: no data
- Total number of subjects at end of study: no data
- Matching criteria: no data
COMPARISON POPULATION
- Type: None - Exposure assessment:
- not specified
- Details on exposure:
- TYPE OF EXPOSURE: Under ordinary working conditions.
TYPE OF EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT: Spot samples are carried out with the method given by Giertz.
EXPOSURE LEVELS: about 0.1 ppm. No information on the concentrations which have occured or may be expected due to technical faults.
EXPOSURE PERIOD: no data
POSTEXPOSURE PERIOD: 4 years (2 controls, 2 and 4 years after exposure)
DESCRIPTION / DELINEATION OF EXPOSURE GROUPS / CATEGORIES: the investigation here reported concern only men whose main symptoms appeared after they began to work with chlorine dioxide. - Statistical methods:
- Not done
Results and discussion
- Results:
- EXPOSURE
- Number of measurements: no data
- Average concentrations: 0.1 ppm
FINDINGS
Chronic bronchitis in about half the men examined was observed. Physical signs were absent except in 2 men with acute exposure shortly before the examination. In most cases the findings were similar in 1953 and 1955. In one an earlier-observed bronchitis disappeared, indicating that improved working conditions may entail reversal of this disorder. In one of the workers who was transferred to a non-exposed job about half a year before the second examination, the signs of bronchitis persisted but the spirometry results were better. This indicated that the bronchitis may be chronic, caused either by the chlorine dioxide or by another factor (e.g. infection). - Confounding factors:
- Not evaluated
- Strengths and weaknesses:
- Not evaluated
Any other information on results incl. tables
No other information
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- This investigation does not allow of a closer estimation of a treshold limit for chlorine dioxide.
- Executive summary:
During 1953-1955 a number of workers at a large factory for the production of sulphite cellulose was examined. The investigation covered personnel engaged in the chlorine- and chlorine-dioxide-producing sections and the bleaching section. The clinical investigation consisted of comprehensive control about two years after the work on ClO2 had begun and a similar control after a further two years.
Technical investigations showed low concentrations (< 0.1 ppm) under ordinary working conditions. Higher concentrations occured in connection with technical faults, e.g. leakage. Severe troubles arose only in connection with the latter.
Symptoms and signs were irritation from the respiratory organs and the eyes, and in certain cases from the gastrointestinal tract also. No indications of cerebral effect could be shown.
Slight bronchitis was shown in 7 of 12 workers exposed to Chlorine dioxide.
This investigation does not allow of a closer estimation of a treshold limit for chlorine dioxide.
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