4-nitrotoluene

Toxicity to microorganisms

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

toxicity to microorganisms, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

secondary literature

Remarks:

Secondary literature with regard to experimental work

Principles of method if other than guideline:

other: Population Growth Impairment Assay

GLP compliance:

not specified

Specific details on test material used for the study:

purity >95%

Analytical monitoring:

no

Test organisms (species):

Tetrahymena pyriformis

Details on test conditions:

Type: other: in vitro

Duration:

40 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

ca. 30 mg/L

Executive summary:

Schultz, 1999

Tetrahymena pyriformis (strain GL-C) 40h-EC50: ca. 30 mg/L                                                                                                                    

Reference 2

Endpoint:

toxicity to microorganisms, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

documentation insufficient for assessment

Remarks:

Study with acceptable restrictions: up to date method by the time the study was undertaken

Principles of method if other than guideline:

other: see Test Conditions

GLP compliance:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

test substance recrystallized

Test organisms (species):

other: other fungi: Rhizoctonia solani Kühn

Details on test conditions:

Type: other: plant-colonizing fungus

Duration:

88 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

ca. 100 mg/L

Log graphic shows about 0.9 mmol/l, which equals about 0.1 g/l

Executive summary:

Eckert, 1962

fungi: Rhizoctonia solani Kühn 88-h EC50: ca. 100 mg/L

Reference 3

Endpoint:

toxicity to microorganisms, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

documentation insufficient for assessment

Remarks:

Study with acceptable restrictions: up to date method by the time the study was undertaken

Principles of method if other than guideline:

other: see Test Conditions

GLP compliance:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

test substance recrystallized

Test organisms (species):

other: other fungi: Phytium ultimum Trow.

Details on test conditions:

Type: other: plant colonizing fungus

Duration:

88 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

ca. 30 mg/L

30 mg/l equals about 0.2 mmol/l

Executive summary:

Eckert, 1962

Phytium ultimum Trow 88-h EC50: ca. 30 mg/L 

Reference 4

Endpoint:

toxicity to microorganisms, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

secondary literature

Remarks:

Secondary literature with regard to experimental work

Principles of method if other than guideline:

other: Population Growth Impairment Assay

GLP compliance:

not specified

Specific details on test material used for the study:

> 95 % purity

Analytical monitoring:

no

Test organisms (species):

Tetrahymena pyriformis

Details on test conditions:

Type: other: in vitro

Duration:

40 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

ca. 93 mg/L

Executive summary:

Cronin, 2001

Tetrahymena pyriformis (strain GL-C) 40h-EC50: ca. 93 mg/L                                                                                                                   

Reference 5

Endpoint:

toxicity to microorganisms, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

unsuitable test system

Principles of method if other than guideline:

other: see Test Conditions

GLP compliance:

not specified

Specific details on test material used for the study:

>95% purity

Analytical monitoring:

not specified

Test organisms (species):

Vibrio fisheri

Details on test conditions:

Type: aquatic

Duration:

15 min

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

17.26 mg/L

Executive summary:

Zhao, 1998
Vibrio fischeri (formerly referred to as Photobacterium phosphoreum) 15min-EC50: 17.26 mg/L

Reference 6

Endpoint:

toxicity to microorganisms, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

unsuitable test system

Principles of method if other than guideline:

other: Microtox-Test

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

no

Test organisms (species):

Photobacterium phosphoreum

Details on test conditions:

Type: aquatic

Duration:

15 min

Dose descriptor:

EC10

Effect conc.:

ca. 18 mg/L

- Results are given in mol/l
- It is reported that also tests with an incubation period of 30 min had been performed, and that the results were similar to these performed with a 15 min incubation period
- Unfortunately method only partly described

Executive summary:

Zhao, 1993-1995
Vibrio fischeri (formerly referred to as Photobacterium phosphoreum) 15min-EC50: ca.18 mg/L

Reference 7

Endpoint:

toxicity to microorganisms, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

unsuitable test system

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Method: other: bioluminescence (Microtox)

GLP compliance:

not specified

Test organisms (species):

Vibrio fisheri

Details on test conditions:

Type: other: in vitro

Duration:

15 min

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

ca. 14 mg/L

Executive summary:

Yuan, 2002
Vibrio fischeri (formerly referred to as Photobacterium phosphoreum) 15min-EC50: ca. 14 mg/L

Reference 8

Endpoint:

toxicity to microorganisms, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

unsuitable test system

Principles of method if other than guideline:

other: see Test Conditions

GLP compliance:

not specified

Specific details on test material used for the study:

- Analytical purity: >98% purity

Analytical monitoring:

no

Test organisms (species):

Photobacterium phosphoreum

Details on test conditions:

Type: aquatic

Duration:

15 min

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

11 mg/L

Executive summary:

Maas-Diepeveen, 1986
Vibrio fischeri (formerly referred to as Photobacterium phosphoreum 15min-EC50: 11 mg/L

Reference 9

Endpoint:

toxicity to microorganisms, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Insufficent documentation for risk assessment. No unit for the effect concentration is given

Principles of method if other than guideline:

other: Fermentation Tube Method

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

no

Test organisms (species):

other: other bacteria: not specified

Details on test conditions:

Type: aquatic

Dose descriptor:

EC0

Effect conc.:

7

Executive summary:

Hoechst AG, 1984

Aquatic bacteria (not specified) EC0: 7 (unit not given)

Reference 10

Endpoint:

toxicity to microorganisms, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

unsuitable test system

Principles of method if other than guideline:

other: DIN 38412 L37

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Test organisms (species):

Vibrio fisheri

Details on test conditions:

Type: other: microplate

Duration:

6 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

99.1 mg/L

In quartz glass EC50 was 99.1 +/- 27.8 mg/l. Due to effects of the plastic material of the microplates, EC50 was 157 +/- 19.2 mg/l in polystyrene

Executive summary:

Gellert, 1999
Effects on Vibrio fischeri (formerly referred to as Photobacterium phosphoreum) in quartz glass EC50 was 99.1 +/- 27.8 mg/l. Due to effects of the plastic material of the microplates, EC50 was 157 +/- 19.2 mg/l in polystyrene.

Reference 11

Endpoint:

toxicity to microorganisms, other

Type of information:

not specified

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

unsuitable test system

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Method: other: comparative QSAR

GLP compliance:

not specified

Test organisms (species):

Vibrio fisheri

Details on test conditions:

Type: other: in silico

Duration:

15 min

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

ca. 5 mg/L

Remarks on result:

other: note: "c" (calculated)

Executive summary:

Devillers, 1999

Vibrio fischeri (formerly referred to as Photobacterium phosphoreum) 15min-EC50: ca. 5 mg/L (unclear if calculated or experimentally determined)

Reference 12

Endpoint:

toxicity to microorganisms, other

Type of information:

other: OECD SIDS

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

other: OECD SIDS

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: no reliability is given as this is a summary entry for the OECD SIDS

Principles of method if other than guideline:

OECD SIDS

GLP compliance:

not specified

OECD SIDS (2003):

 

The following effect values for microorganisms were obtained with 4-nitrotoluene:

 

Inoculum	Endpoint	Result (mg/L)	Reference
Activated sludge	3 h-EC50	100	Yoshioka et al., 1986
Pseudomonas putida	16 h-EC3	26	Bringmann and Kühn, 1976; Bringmann and Kühn, 1977; Bringmann and Kühn, 1980a
Entosiphon sulcatum	72 h-NOEC	8.6	Bringmann and Kühn, 1980a ; Bringmann and Kühn, 1981
Uronema parduzci	20 h-NOEC	0.89	Bringmann and Kühn, 1980b

 

All values are related to nominal concentrations.

 

Bringmann & Kühn, 1980a.: Water Research 14, 231-241

Bringmann & Kühn, 1980b: Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 1: 26-31

Executive summary:

OECD SIDS (2003):

The following effect values for microorganisms were obtained with 4-nitrotoluene:

3 h-EC50 (Activated sludge): 100 mg/L (Yoshioka et al., 1986)

16 h-EC3 (Pseudomonas putida): 26 mg/L (Bringmann and Kühn, 1976; Bringmann and Kühn, 1977; Bringmann and Kühn, 1980a)

72 h-NOEC (Entosiphon sulcatum): 8.6 mg/L (Bringmann and Kühn, 1980a; Bringmann and Kühn, 1981)

20 h-NOEC (Uronema parduzci): 0.89 mg/L (Bringmann and Kühn, 1980b)

All values are related to nominal concentrations.

Bringmann & Kühn, 1980a.: Water Research 14, 231-241

Bringmann & Kühn, 1980b: Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 1: 26-31

Reference 13

Endpoint:

toxicity to microorganisms, other

Type of information:

other: BUA report

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

other: BUA report

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: no reliability is given as this is a summary entry for the BUA report

Principles of method if other than guideline:

BUA report

GLP compliance:

not specified

BUA report (1989):

In a growth inhibition test with Pseudomonas putida, the following toxic threshold concentrations were found for p-nitrotoluene:

TTC (= EC₃) = 26 mg/L after 16 hrs (Bringmann and Kuehn, 1977).

 

Slooff et al. (1983) report that no inhibition occurred in an 8-h cell growth inhibition test with Pseudomonas fluorescensat p-nitrotoluene concentrations up to 10 mg/L.

 

Other studies on the effect of p-nitrotoluene on Pseudomonas fluorescensand the intestinal bacterium Escherichia coligave the following figures (18-h cell growth inhibition test), with damaging effects indicated only at higher concentrations. No damaging effect was found up to 1000 mg/L for Pseudomonas fluorescens and Escherichia coli (Bayer AG, 1986).

 

Among the measurements made in a study on the effect of aromatic nitro compounds on the bioluminescence of Photobacterium phosphoreum was the mononitrotoluene concentration which causes a 50% reduction in the bacterium's glowing intensity, compared to that of the control, after exposure for 15 minutes. The EC₅₀value for p-nitrotoluene was 10.9 mg/L (Deneer et al., 1988).

 

In an O₂consumption test according to the OECD for activated sludge an EC50 of 100 mg/L was obtained after a 3-h test period for p-nitrotoluene (Yoshioka et al., 1986).

 

Cell growth inhibition tests with various protozoa gave the following results (Bringmann and Kuehn, 1981):

Entosiphon sulcatum - holoz. bact. consuming flagellate:

TTC (= EC₅) = 8.6 mg/L after 72 h

Uronema pardiczi - holoz. bact. consuming ciliate:

TTC (= EC₅) = 46mg/L after 20 h

Chilomonas paramaecium - sapr. flagellate:

TCC (=EC₅) = 16 mg/L after 48 h

 

An EC₅₀of 82 mg/L was recorded for the cell growth inhibition effect of p-nitrotoluene on Tetrahymena pyriformis after a test duration of 24 h (Yoshioka et al., 1985). Schultz & Moulton (1984) found a 60h-EC₅₀of 79.5 mg/L (cell growth) for Tetrahymena pyriformis.

Executive summary:

BUA report (1989):

In a growth inhibition test with Pseudomonas putida, the following toxic threshold concentrations were found for p-nitrotoluene:

TTC (= EC3) = 26 mg/L after 16 hrs (Bringmann and Kuehn, 1977).

Slooff et al. (1983) report that no inhibition occurred in an 8-h cell growth inhibition test with Pseudomonas fluorescensat p-nitrotoluene concentrations up to 10 mg/L.

Other studies on the effect of p-nitrotoluene on Pseudomonas fluorescensand the intestinal bacterium Escherichia coligave the following figures (18-h cell growth inhibition test), with damaging effects indicated only at higher concentrations. No damaging effect was found up to 1000 mg/L for Pseudomonas fluorescens and Escherichia coli (Bayer AG, 1986).

Among the measurements made in a study on the effect of aromatic nitro compounds on the bioluminescence of Photobacterium phosphoreum was the mononitrotoluene concentration which causes a 50% reduction in the bacterium's glowing intensity, compared to that of the control, after exposure for 15 minutes. The EC50value for p-nitrotoluene was 10.9 mg/L (Deneer et al., 1988).

In an O2consumption test according to the OECD for activated sludge an EC50 of 100 mg/L was obtained after a 3-h test period for p-nitrotoluene (Yoshioka et al., 1986).

Cell growth inhibition tests with various protozoa gave the following results (Bringmann and Kuehn, 1981):

Entosiphon sulcatum - holoz. bact. consuming flagellate:

TTC (= EC5) = 8.6 mg/L after 72 h

Uronema pardiczi - holoz. bact. consuming ciliate:

TTC (= EC5) = 46mg/L after 20 h

Chilomonas paramaecium - sapr. flagellate:

TCC (=EC5) = 16 mg/L after 48 h

An EC50of 82 mg/L was recorded for the cell growth inhibition effect of p-nitrotoluene on Tetrahymena pyriformis after a test duration of 24 h (Yoshioka et al., 1985). Schultz & Moulton (1984) found a 60h-EC50of 79.5 mg/L (cell growth) for Tetrahymena pyriformis.

Description of key information

For transported isolated intermediates according to REACh, Article 18, this endpoint is not a data requirement. However, data is available for this endpoint and is thus reported under the guidance of "all available data".

OECD SIDS (2003):

The following effect values for microorganisms were obtained with 4-nitrotoluene:

3 h-EC50 (Activated sludge): 100 mg/L (Yoshioka et al., 1986)

16 h-EC3 (Pseudomonas putida): 26 mg/L (Bringmann and Kühn, 1976; Bringmann and Kühn, 1977; Bringmann and Kühn, 1980a)

72 h-NOEC (Entosiphon sulcatum): 8.6 mg/L (Bringmann and Kühn, 1980a; Bringmann and Kühn, 1981)

20 h-NOEC (Uronema parduzci): 0.89 mg/L (Bringmann and Kühn, 1980b)

All values are related to nominal concentrations.

Bringmann & Kühn, 1980a.: Water Research 14, 231-241

Bringmann & Kühn, 1980b: Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 1: 26-31

 

BUA report (1989):

In a growth inhibition test with Pseudomonas putida, the following toxic threshold concentrations were found for p-nitrotoluene:

TTC (= EC3) = 26 mg/L after 16 hrs (Bringmann and Kuehn, 1977).

Slooff et al. (1983) report that no inhibition occurred in an 8-h cell growth inhibition test with Pseudomonas fluorescensat p-nitrotoluene concentrations up to 10 mg/L.

Other studies on the effect of p-nitrotoluene on Pseudomonas fluorescensand the intestinal bacterium Escherichia coligave the following figures (18-h cell growth inhibition test), with damaging effects indicated only at higher concentrations. No damaging effect was found up to 1000 mg/L for Pseudomonas fluorescens and Escherichia coli (Bayer AG, 1986).

Among the measurements made in a study on the effect of aromatic nitro compounds on the bioluminescence of Photobacterium phosphoreum was the mononitrotoluene concentration which causes a 50% reduction in the bacterium's glowing intensity, compared to that of the control, after exposure for 15 minutes. The EC50value for p-nitrotoluene was 10.9 mg/L (Deneer et al., 1988).

In an O2consumption test according to the OECD for activated sludge an EC50 of 100 mg/L was obtained after a 3-h test period for p-nitrotoluene (Yoshioka et al., 1986).

Cell growth inhibition tests with various protozoa gave the following results (Bringmann and Kuehn, 1981):

Entosiphon sulcatum - holoz. bact. consuming flagellate:

TTC (= EC5) = 8.6 mg/L after 72 h

Uronema pardiczi - holoz. bact. consuming ciliate:

TTC (= EC5) = 46mg/L after 20 h

Chilomonas paramaecium - sapr. flagellate:

TCC (=EC5) = 16 mg/L after 48 h

An EC50of 82 mg/L was recorded for the cell growth inhibition effect of p-nitrotoluene on Tetrahymena pyriformis after a test duration of 24 h (Yoshioka et al., 1985). Schultz & Moulton (1984) found a 60h-EC50of 79.5 mg/L (cell growth) for Tetrahymena pyriformis.

 

Other data:

Phytium ultimum Trow 88-h EC50: ca. 30 mg/L (Eckert, 1962)
fungi: Rhizoctonia solani Kühn 88-h EC50: ca. 100 mg/L (Eckert, 1962)

Tetrahymena pyriformis (strain GL-C)                                                                                                                             

40h-EC50 : ca. 93 mg/L (Cronin, 2001)
40h-EC50: ca. 30 mg/L (Schultz, 1999)

Aquatic bacteria (not specified) EC0: 7 (unit not given, Hoechst AG, 1984)

Vibrio fischeri (formerly referred to as Photobacterium phosphoreum)
15min-EC50: ca. 14 mg/L (Yuan, 2002)
15min-EC50: 17.26 mg/L (Zhao, 1998)
15min-EC50: ca.18 mg/L (Zhao, 1993-1995)
15min-EC50: 11 mg/L (Maas-Diepeveen, 1986)
15min-EC50: ca. 5 mg/L (unclear if calculated or experimentally determined, Devillers, 1999)
Effects on Vibrio fischeri (formerly referred to as Photobacterium phosphoreum) in quartz glass EC50 was 99.1 +/- 27.8 mg/l. Due to effects of the plastic material of the microplates, EC50 was 157 +/- 19.2 mg/l in polystyrene. (Gellert, 1999)