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EC number: 234-576-1 | CAS number: 12012-35-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Repeated dose toxicity: oral
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Read-across to chromium(III) oxide. The release of chromium from chromium carbide is very similar to the release from chromium metal and chromium(III) oxide and therefore the results obtained with these substances can readily be used in the assessment of trichromium dicarbide. Acceptable, well-documented study report.
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Absence of toxic and carcinogenic effects after administration of high doses of chromic oxide pigment in subacute and long-term feeding experiments in rats.
- Author:
- Ivankovic, S. and R. Preussman
- Year:
- 1 975
- Bibliographic source:
- Food Cosmet Toxicol.13(3): 347-51.
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Chromium(III) oxide was baked into bread at concentrations of 2% and 5% and this bread was fed to animals 5 days/week for a period of 90 days.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Chromium(III) oxide
- IUPAC Name:
- Chromium(III) oxide
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Chromium oxide green (Schultz no 1451; Colour Index no. 77288; pigment green 17)
- Molecular formula (if other than submission substance): Cr2O3
- Molecular weight (if other than submission substance): 152
- Substance type: pure substance (non-hydrated from)
- Physical state: fine green powder
- Analytical purity: maximum content of 3 ppm Cr(III)
- Impurities (identity and concentrations): free from chromate CrO4(2-). With respect to heavy-metal impurities the product compiled with the specifications of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Farbstoff-Kommission (1959)
- Composition of test material, percentage of components: pure Cr2O3 (no data on %)
- Isomers composition: no data
- Purity test date: no data
- Lot/batch No.: no data
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: no data
- Stability under test conditions: no data
- Storage condition of test material: no data
- Other:
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: BD rats
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: inbread BD rats, no data on source
- Age at study initiation: about 100 days
- Weight at study initiation: about 200 g
- Fasting period before study: no data
- Housing: in groups of four rats in Makrolon cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Altromin standard diet ad libitum for controls. Bread (2835 g flour, 150 g milk powder, 150 g mixed salts (NaCl, CaHPO4 and Cu, Zn, Co, Mn and K), 150 g cooking oil, 150 g cod-liver oil, 300 g malt extract, 600 g sugar, 80 g yeast and 900 ml water) containing 2% or 5% of the test substance for test groups (ad libitum). At weekends the treatment groups received the control diet with a vegetable supplement.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): tap water ad libitum
- Acclimation period: no data
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): no data
- Humidity (%): no data
- Air changes (per hr): no data
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): no data
IN-LIFE DATES: From: day 90 To: day 91
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: feed
- Vehicle:
- other: bread
- Details on oral exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: no solutions
DIET PREPARATION
- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency): twice weekly
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): Incorporationg 2% or 5% of the test substance into a dough made from 2835 g flour, 150 g milk powder, 150 g mixed salts (NaCl, CaHPO4 and Cu, Zn, Co, Mn and K), 150 g cooking oil, 150 g cod-liver oil, 300 g malt extract, 600 g sugar, 80 g yeast and 900 ml water, and subsequently baked
- Storage temperature of food: no data
VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): bread
- Concentration in vehicle: 2% and 5% - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- The bread given to the rats was weighed, and the uneaten bread was weighed in order to determined the amount consumed. There were only small losses from crumbs. The estimated uptake of Cr(III) based on the Cr2O3 concentrations in the bread consumed was 568 mg/kg/day for males and 547 mg/kg/day for males in the 2% group, and 1368 mg/kg/day for males and 1216 mg/kg/day for females in the 5% group.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 90 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- 5 days/week
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
568 or 1368 mg Cr(III)/kg/day for males; 547 or 1216 mg Cr(III)/kg/day for females
Basis:
actual ingested
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
2 or 5 %
Basis:
nominal in diet
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 2% dose: 14 males and 5 females
5% dose: 5 males and 10 females
controls: 6 males and 6 females - Control animals:
- yes, plain diet
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: The doses were selected to be higher than the 1% in feed recommended by national (Deutsche Forschungsgemenschaft) and international (WHO) authorities
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): no data
- Rationale for selecting satellite groups: no satellite groups - Positive control:
- No
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: No data
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: No data
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: every second week
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes (4 animals per cage, average food consumption per animal)
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No data
FOOD EFFICIENCY:
- Body weight gain in kg/food consumption in kg per unit time X 100 calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No data
WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No data
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No data
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: The blood picture was determined before the beginning of the experiment and monthly during feeding. At the end of the study, the animals were fasted for 24 hours, after which blood samples were taken from retrobulbar plexus and from the tail vein.
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: No data
- Animals fasted: Yes
- How many animals: All
- Parameters checked in table 1 were examined.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: At the end of the feeding period animals were fasted for 24 h, after which blood samples were taken from the retrobulbar plexus.
- Animals fasted: Yes
- How many animals: All animals
- Parameters checked in table 2 were examined.
URINALYSIS: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of urine: Random samples were taken during the course of the study and from all animals in the last week of the experiment
- Metabolism cages used for collection of urine: No data
- Animals fasted: No
- Parameters checked in table 3 were examined.
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No data
OTHER: During the last 30 days of treatment, males and females (altogether 9 pairs) from the same treatment group, were paired to test fertility. The number of young in each litter was recorded.- Sacrifice and pathology:
GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes (see table 4)
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes (see table 5)- Statistics:
- No data given on statistical analysis methods used.
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- no effects observed
- Urinalysis findings:
- no effects observed
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Details on results:
-
ORGAN WEIGHTS: Dose-dependent decreases in the absolute weights of liver and spleen were observed, but did not correlate with any pathological findings of the microscopic examinations, and therefore these effects were not considered as toxic.
Effect levels
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- ca. 1 368 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: No signs of toxicity observed among male rats eating bread containing 5% Cr = ca 1368 mg/kg/day
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- ca. 1 216 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: No signs of toxicity observed among female rats eating bread containing 5% Cr = ca 1216 mg/kg/day
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Although the doses of chromium oxide used in this study were relatively high (Cr(III) intake for males ca 1368 mg/kg/day and 1216 mg/kg/day for females), no signs of toxicity were observed, which can obviously be explained by the water-insolubility and poor bioavailability of chromium(III)oxide.
- Executive summary:
The toxic potential of chromium(III) oxide was studied in rats, which were fed bread containing chromium oxide at concentration levels of 2% and 5% during a period of 90 days (5 days/week). In the 2% group, the intake of chromium(III) (as calculated from the estimated chromium(III) oxide intake, based on the food consumption) corresponded to 568 mg/kg/day for male rats and 547 mg/kg/day for females. In the 5% group, the intake was 1368 mg/kg/day for males and 1216 mg/kg/day for females. No clinical signs of toxicity occurred during the study period. No effects on body weight, food intake, blood or urinary samples were observed either. Dose-dependent decreases in the absolute weights of liver and spleen were observed, but did not correlate with any pathological findings of the microscopic examinations, and therefore these effects were not considered as toxic. Although the doses of chromium oxide used in this study were relatively high, no signs of toxicity were observed, which can obviously be explained by the water-insolubility and poor bioavailability of chromium(III) oxide.
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