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EC number: 205-443-5 | CAS number: 140-93-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Acute toxicity: via oral route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 401 (Acute Oral Toxicity)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Weight at study initiation: 200-265g
- Fasting period before study: Over night
- Water: ad libitum - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Doses:
- 250, 500,1000, 1250, 1700, 2000 mg
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10 male
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days
- Frequency of observations and weighing: Regular intervals on the day of dosing and daily thereafter for 14 days.
- Necropsy of survivors performed: yes
- Other examinations performed: clinical signs, body weight,organ weights, histopathology, other: Gross necropsies were performed on all survivors and any animals which died during the observation period. Body weights of survivors were recorded prior to sacrifice. - Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- 1 250 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- other: oral administration of Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate (SIPX) to rats produced increased motor activity, cyanosis, irritability, increased respiration and convulsions with death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.
- Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- LD0
- Effect level:
- 250 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- other: LD0 Lethal dose for 0% of the animal test population
- Mortality:
- All death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.
- Clinical signs:
- other: Oral administration of Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate (SIPX) to rats produced increased motor activity, cyanosis, irritability, increased respiration and convulsions with death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.
- Gross pathology:
- Autopsy showed perivascular and pericellular oedema, multiple haemorrhages in the lungs, perivascular subarachnoid haemorrhages and acute
swelling of the cells of the cortex, subcortical ganglia and the brain stem. Fatty dystrophy of the liver and protein dystrophy of the twisted canaliculi of the kidneys were observed. - Other findings:
- The findings of these studies indicate that Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate (SIPX) produces adverse effects on the central nervous system, liver and kidneys.
- Interpretation of results:
- other: sligthly toxic
- Remarks:
- Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- The LD50 value of 1250 mg/kg was determined in a reliable study. This show that Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate (SIPX) is of a Slightly order of acute oral toxicity .
Based on the data provided in this review, Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate (SIPX) shall be classified for acute oral toxicity.
Reference
Table 3: |
Oral toxicity of xanthates (from: Kirk-Othmer, 1984)16 |
||||||
Xanthate |
Species |
LD0 |
(mg/kg) |
LD50 |
(mg/kg) |
References |
|
Sodium ethyl |
rat |
500 |
— |
17 |
|||
Potassium ethyl |
Rat mouse |
500 |
1700 583 |
17, 18 |
|||
Sodium isopropyl |
rat |
250 |
1250 |
17 |
|||
Potassium isopropyl |
rat mouse |
— — |
1700 583 |
18 — |
|||
Potassium n-butyl |
mouse |
— |
411 465 |
19,20 |
|||
Sodium isobutyl |
rat |
|
500 |
17 |
|||
Potassium isobutyl |
rat mouse |
— — |
1290 480 |
18 18 |
|||
Sodium sec-butyl |
rat |
— |
>2000 |
17 |
|||
Potassium amyl (mixed) |
rat |
1000 |
1000–2000 |
17, 21 |
|||
Potassium iso amyl |
rat mouse |
— — |
765 470 |
18 18 |
|||
C5-C6 mixture |
rat |
— |
1500 |
22 |
|||
The LD50 value of 1250 mg/kg in rats were determined for Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate (SIPX). This show that Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate (SIPX) is of slightly order of acute oral toxicity .
The LD50 of the various xanthates are similar, ranging from 411 to 583 mg/kg in mice and from 1000 to >2000 mg/kg in rats.
The acute oral toxic effects of one xanthate, potassium butyl xanthate, are providedin two summaries in Chemical Abstracts.
Similar symptoms and pathology findings were seen in these studies carried out by Babayan.
References :
16.Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd ed, pp 645-661,John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
17.Dow Chemical Company, 1964, unpublished toxicological data to C.B. Shaffer,American Cyanamid; data from P. Avotin, American Cyanamid, privatecommunication, 1982 as cited in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical
18.Babayan, E.A., 1963, “Toxicology of Potassium Butyl Xanthate” Material 2-oi[Vtoroi] Itog. Nauchn. Konf. Inst. Gigieny Truda I Prof. Zabolevan Posvyashch.Vopr. Gigieny Truda I Prof. Patol. Erevan, pp 75-77 (Pub 1964)(Russ)Chem Abstract,64, 8836e (1966).
19.Babayan, E.A., “Toxicological Characteristics of the Flotation Agent PotassiumButyl Xanthate”, Mater. Itogovoi Nauch. Konf. Vop. Gig Tr Profpatol. Khim.Gornorud. Prom., 3rd 1966 (Pub 1968) 97-102 (Russ) inChemical Abstracts,Vol 73,1970.
20.Fronk, N.G., The Dow Chemical Company, private communication, 1982, as cited inKirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd Ed, pp 645-661,John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
21.Buzina, A.Z., Burkhanov, A.I. and Abeuev, Kh.B., 1977 Zdravookhr. Kaz., 88 ascited inKirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd Ed, pp645-661, John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
22.Chemical Abstracts,Vol 64, 1966.
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Value:
- ca. 1 250 mg/kg bw
- Quality of whole database:
- Note that acute oral toxicity has been assess on the range of substances and with the exception of one mouse study, all are in the Acute Toxic 4 category. The quality of the data base is considered sufficient for the purposes of classification and risk management.
Acute toxicity: via inhalation route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: inhalation
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Justification for type of information:
- Certain details lacking, but considered suitable to confirm similar results as would be expected for this substances
Study provided on similar substance to help build up a weight of evidence demonstrating potential for read-across between the xanthates
The sodium and potassium salt xanthates is considered suitable as a key source of data for the others sodium and potassium salt xanthates
Considered valid for read-across for purposes of classification.
No further vertebrate testing can be justified. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 403 (Acute Inhalation Toxicity)
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
- Route of administration:
- inhalation
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Duration of exposure:
- 2 h
- Control animals:
- not specified
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect level:
- 7 690 mg/m³ air
- Clinical signs:
- other:
- Interpretation of results:
- GHS criteria not met
- Conclusions:
- The sodium and potassium salt xanthates is considered suitable as a key source of data for the others sodium and potassium salt xanthates
Considered valid for read-across for purposes of classification.
No further vertebrate testing can be justified. - Executive summary:
Certain details lacking, but considered suitable to confirm similar results as would be expected for this substances
Study provided on similar substance to help build up a weight of evidence demonstrating potential for read-across between the xanthates
Reference
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Value:
- 7 690 mg/m³ air
Acute toxicity: via dermal route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: dermal
- Data waiving:
- study scientifically not necessary / other information available
- Justification for data waiving:
- the study does not need to be conducted because the substance is classified as corrosive to the skin
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- data waiving: supporting information
- Clinical signs:
- other:
Reference
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
There is very little published and unpublished data available on the adverse health effects of xanthates in general and sodium ethyl xanthate in particular. Toxicological data for other xanthates were also assessed where available, as the adverse effects of the various xanthates are similar.
The acute oral toxicity study indicates that Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate (SIPX) has an LD50 of 1250 mg/kg in rats and produced increased motor activity, cyanosis, irritability, increased respiration and convulsions with death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration. The target sites are the central nervous system, liver and the spleen. The oral LD50 for other xanthates in mice ranges from 411 to 583 mg/kg and in rats from 1000 to 2000 mg/kg.
Acute toxicity via oral route:
Effect level:
LD50= 1250 mg/kg b.w. in rats of Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate (SIPX) (CAS# 140-93-2)
LD50 of various xanthates are similar, ranging from 411 to 583 mg/kg b.w. in mice and from 1000 to 2000 mg/kb b.w. in rats.
Oral toxicity
Table 3: | Oral toxicity of xanthates (from: Kirk-Othmer, 1984)16 | ||||||
Xanthate | Species | LD0 | (mg/kg) | LD50 | (mg/kg) | References | |
Sodium ethyl | rat | 500 | — | 17 | |||
Potassium ethyl | Rat mouse | 500 | 1700 583 | 17, 18 | |||
Sodium isopropyl | rat | 250 | 1250 | 17 | |||
Potassium isopropyl | rat mouse | — — | 1700 583 | 18 — | |||
Potassium n-butyl | mouse | — | 411 465 | 19,20 | |||
Sodium isobutyl | rat |
| 500 | 17 | |||
Potassium isobutyl | rat mouse | — — | 1290 480 | 18 18 | |||
Sodium sec-butyl | rat | — | >2000 | 17 | |||
Potassium amyl (mixed) | rat | 1000 | 1000–2000 | 17, 21 | |||
Potassium iso amyl | rat mouse | — — | 765 470 | 18 18 | |||
C5-C6 mixture | rat | — | 1500 | 22 | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The LD50 value of 1250 mg/kg in rats were determined for Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate (SIPX). This show that Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate (SIPX) is of a slightly order of acute oral toxicity .
The LD50 of the various xanthates are similar, ranging from 411 to 583 mg/kg in mice and from 1000 to >2000 mg/kg in rats.
The acute oral toxic effects of one xanthate, potassium butyl xanthate, are provided in two summaries in Chemical Abstracts.
Similar symptoms and pathology findings were seen in these studies carried out by Babayan.
References :
16.Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd ed, pp 645-661,John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
17.Dow Chemical Company, 1964, unpublished toxicological data to C.B. Shaffer,American Cyanamid; data from P. Avotin, American Cyanamid, privatecommunication, 1982 as cited in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical
18.Babayan, E.A., 1963, “Toxicology of Potassium Butyl Xanthate” Material 2-oi[Vtoroi] Itog. Nauchn. Konf. Inst. Gigieny Truda I Prof. Zabolevan Posvyashch.Vopr. Gigieny Truda I Prof. Patol. Erevan, pp 75-77 (Pub 1964)(Russ)Chem Abstract,64, 8836e (1966).
19.Babayan, E.A., “Toxicological Characteristics of the Flotation Agent PotassiumButyl Xanthate”, Mater. Itogovoi Nauch. Konf. Vop. Gig Tr Profpatol. Khim.Gornorud. Prom., 3rd 1966 (Pub 1968) 97-102 (Russ) inChemical Abstracts,Vol 73,1970.
20.Fronk, N.G., The Dow Chemical Company, private communication, 1982, as cited inKirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd Ed, pp 645-661,John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
21.Buzina, A.Z., Burkhanov, A.I. and Abeuev, Kh.B., 1977 Zdravookhr. Kaz., 88 ascited inKirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd Ed, pp645-661, John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
22.Chemical Abstracts,Vol 64, 1966.
After ingestion of CS2, CAS# 75-15-0) victims exhibited spasmodic tremors, prostration, dyspnea, cyanosis, peripheral vascular collapse, hypothermia, mydriasis, convulsions, coma and death in few hours from respiratory paralysis. Only mild gastrointestinal irritation and visceral congestion were noted at autopsy. Women appear to be more sensitive than men to the neurotoxic effects of carbon disulfide. Industrially exposed workers have exhibited neuropsychiatric disorders ranging from irritability to manic-depressive psychosis, clinical manifestations of nerve damage are blindness, and signs of parkinsonism.
(Toxicological Profile for carbon disulfide. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Public Health Service . Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . August 1996)
Acute toxicity via inhalation route:
Depending upon the concentration of CS2in repairable air different types of poisoning symptoms are encountered. Most prominent are general neurotoxic and narcotic effects.
NOEC: 500 - 700 mg/m3(160 - 224 ppm) of CS2
2500mg/m3= 800 ppm for 1.5 - 3 hours: strong headache,
6400 – 10000 mg/m3(2048 - 3200 ppm) for 30min. narcotic condition, strong headache. (IUCLID Dataset: Carbon Disulfide, Creation date 19 February 2000, European Commission, European Chemicals Bureau)
An inhalation maximum risk level (MRL) 0.3 ppm (0.9mg/m3) for CS2was derived based on epidemiological data, concerning public health.
LOAEL= 7.6 ppm, represents the average exposure of workers 8 hour/day, 5 days a week for a mean exposure period of 12 years(ATSDR 1996, Toxicological profile for carbon disulfide. Atlanta, GA, US Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Institute Contract No. 205-93-0606).
Acute toxicity via dermal route:
Application of 1 gm/kg of sodium ethyl xanthate in the form of a paste resulted in the death of ten out of twelve animals within 24 hrs. The surviving animals developed irritant effects including oedema and pigmentation of the skin. The sulphide odour noted during the study suggests that decomposition of sodium ethyl xanthate occurred. The dermal LD50 was < 1000 mg/kg.
Sodium ethyl xanthate (CAS# 140-90-9) or Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate (SIPX) (CAS# 140-93-2) can be assessed as a substances strongly irritating skin of rabbits – IIPC factor accordingly 6.2 and 7.0.(The Institute of Organic Industry Branch of Pszczyna Toxicology Department, March 1998)
Sodium or potassium xanthates dissolved in water undergoes hydrolysis giving alkaline reaction. When xanthates are produced as a water solutions exes of alkali hydroxide is kept (pH >10) as a decomposition inhibitor.
Human information
Xanthates dust or mist from solution cause irritation to the nose, throat and upper respiratory tract. The solids give carbon disulfide in contact with water, very toxic and extremely flammable vapour. Relatively low concentration of carbon disulfide can harm the central nervous system, may cause headache , dizziness, fatigue, excitement and depression. High concentration of CS2can cause psychological disturbances and death.
It is known one case reported of acute exposure of an employee who lost consciousness when was opened a tank containing powder sodium ethyl xanthate. The worker was restless, vomited and had convulsive twitching of muscles in arms and legs. He complained of difficulty breathing, eye tearing and hoarseness. the respiratory and eye effects persisted for 3 weeks. No toxic effects were observed 3 month later.(COOH, CHEMINFO Sodium ethyl xanthateupdated July 2010,www.ccohs.ca)
Probable the oral lethal human dose of sodium ethyl xanthate is between 50-500mg/kg(Gosselin R.E., Hodge H.C., Smith R.P., Gleason M.N., Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products,1979.,p. II-211)
An assessment of acid or alkali reserve
Sodium or potassium xanthates dissolved in water undergoes hydrolysis giving alkaline reaction. When xanthates are produced as a water solutions exes of an alkali hydroxide is kept (pH >10) as a decomposition inhibitor.
Respiratory tract
Sodium isopropyl xanthate(CAS# 140-93-2) irritating to skin, eyes, mucous membrane, respiratory tract (The Merck Index , 9th ed., Merck & Co., Inc., 1976 , p. 1116; http:// toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp )
Xanthates dust or water solution mist is irritating to the nose, throat and upper respiratory track under normal condition of use.(COOH, CHEMINFO Sodium ethyl xanthate updated July 20210,www.ccohs.ca)
Sodium isopropyl xanthate (CAS# 140-93-2) is irritating to skin, eyes, mucous membrane, respiratory tract (The Merck Index , 9th ed., Merck & Co., Inc., 1976 , p. 1116; http:// toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp )
Justification for classification or non-classification
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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