Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets
Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 231-820-9 | CAS number: 7757-82-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to reproduction
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- one-generation reproductive toxicity
- Remarks:
- based on test type (migrated information)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Literature data
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Effects of sulphate in water on swine reproduction and young pig performance.
- Author:
- Paterson D.W., Wahlstrom R.C., Libal G.W.and Olson O.E.
- Year:
- 1 979
- Bibliographic source:
- Journal of animal science, Vol. 49, No. 3 (1979)
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of high sulfate waters given to swine during gestation and lactation and to their offspring when weaned at 28 days.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Sodium sulphate
- EC Number:
- 231-820-9
- EC Name:
- Sodium sulphate
- Cas Number:
- 7757-82-6
- Molecular formula:
- H2O4S.2Na
- IUPAC Name:
- disodium sulfate
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- pig
- Sex:
- female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Animals: the reproductive trial involved 31 sows and 27 gilts.
- Source: Hampshire, Yorkshire, Duroc breeding.
- Group: sows and gilts were grouped separately on the basis of ancestry and weight.Outcome groups were randomly assigned to the three treatments.
- Housing: during gestation, all animals were housed in uninsulfated, wooden, colony type houses located in dry lots.
- Diet: feed was restricted to 1.8 kg per head daily and fed in individual feeding stalls. Fortified corn-soybean meal diets with 10% alfalfa meals (gestation) and 10% beet pulp (lactation) included 0.5% trace mineralized salt. Calculated crude protein content was 12.65 and 15.70% for gestation and lactation diets, respectively.
- Water: ad libitum available from 227 liter circular tank waterers. Self-feeders containing the lactation diet and the 227-liter waterers were located in concrete lots outside the farrowing house.
- Fedding during the test: sows were allowed access to this lot for feed and water each morning and evening for 2.0 and 1.5 hr, respectively.
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: drinking water
- Vehicle:
- water
- Details on exposure:
- SALINE WATER AVAILABILITY
Saline water was available in the creep area for pigs after 10 days of age.
PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
A 10% solution of the salt (analytical grade) was added as appropriate to give the desired concentrations.
Sulfate content was determined weekly by a turbidimetric method.
CONCENTRATION
- Sulphate: the averages with their standard deviations for the entire experimental period: control, 320 ± 24 ppm; low sulfate, 1790 ± 35 ppm and high sulfate, 3298 ± 139 ppm.
CONTROL
The local water supply was used as a control and for making up the experimental waters. - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 30 days postbreeding, through 28 days lactation.
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
620, 2840, 5060
Basis:
other: Total dissolved solids
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
320, 1820, 3320 ppm
Basis:
other: Sulphate
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
20, 740, 1460
Basis:
other: Sodium
Examinations
- Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
- Fecal condition was scored on a one to five basis, with one being most firm. Data were analyzed by least squares analysis of variance.
- Litter observations:
- The number of live and stillborn pigs as well as litter weight and average pig weight were obtained.
Litter weight at 14 days, number of pigs at 28 days, litter weight and average pig weight at 28 days were recorded.
Results and discussion
Results: P0 (first parental generation)
General toxicity (P0)
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
Effect levels (P0)
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- ca. 3 320 ppm
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable
- Remarks:
- no NOAEL identified
Results: F1 generation
General toxicity (F1)
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
Effect levels (F1)
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- ca. 3 320 ppm
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable
- Remarks:
- no NOAEL identified
Overall reproductive toxicity
- Reproductive effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Sulfate content of water consumed during gestation had no significant effect on gestation gain, number of pigs per litter at birth (total and live) or average pig and litter birth weights.
Lactation gain, number of pigs at 28 days and average pig and litter weights at 28 days were not significantly affected by sulfates in water during lactation.
Slightly less saline water was consumed during gestation. However, in lactation, water consumption increased as total dissolved solids increased.
Gilts consumed more water than sows during gestation, but slightly less during lactation.
Significant differences existed in gestation and lactation gain between gilts and sows. Gilts gained more during gestation and also gained an average of 5.5 kg during lactation, while sows lost an average of 7.0 kg during this time. The general condition and performance of the pigs during the 28-day nursing period were similar among groups. No excessive scouring was noted in any of the treatments.
Add sulphate (ppm) | |||||
Parameter | 0 | 1500 | 3000 | Gilts | Sows |
No. of litter | 12 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 23 |
Average gestation gain, kg* | 30.2 | 27.5 | 26.0 | 41.0 | 18.6 |
Average lactation gain, kg** | 1.5 | -5.5 | 1.7 | 5.5 | -7.0 |
Water consumprion, L/day | |||||
Gestation | 13.3 | 11.2 | 10.6 | 15.1 | 9.2 |
Lactation | 13.6 | 14.2.1 6.8 | 16.8 | 14.4 | 15.5 |
Pig/Litter | |||||
Total | 11.1 | 10.9 | 10.0 | 9.8 | 11.7 |
Live | 9.6 | 10.0 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 9.9 |
Average pig birth weight, kg ** | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.5 |
Average litter birth weight, kg | 13.5 | 13.5 | 11.8 | 11.6 | 14.2 |
No pigs at 28 days | 6.7 | 6.9 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.8 |
28-day pig weight, kg | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 6.4 |
28 -day litter weight, kg | 40.4 | 42.2 | 40.2 | 39.5 | 42.3 |
*significant difference (P < 0.01) between gilts and sows.
**significant difference (P < 0.05) between gilts and sows.
Although saline water consumption of sows also increased during lactation, there was no evidence of scouring in either sows or their
nursing pigs. This study did not allow one to determine the amount of total dissolved solids in water necessary to cause problems in reproducing swine.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Sulfates up to and including 3320 ppm in water have no significant effect on reproduction in the gilt or sow. Taking into account that the highest dose of sodium sulphate in water is 4780 mg/L, that a pig can weight minimum 100 Kg and drinks about 20 L/day, the received dose without an effect is set to 956 mg/Kg bw
- Executive summary:
Thirty-one sows and 27 gilts were each allotted to three treatments to study the effect of water quality during gestation and lactation. Sodium sulfate was added to the water to give sulfate and total dissolved solids in ppm as follows:
Control: 320, 620 ppm
Low sulphate: 1820, 2840 ppm
High sulphate: 3320, 5060 ppm.
Water was offered ad libitum from about 30 days postbreeding through 28 days lactation.
Result
There were no significant differences in gestation or lactation gains and number or weight of pigs at birth or at weaning. Fecal consistency was normal in all treatments. Water consumption did not differ during gestation but increased during lactation as salt level increased. These results suggest that sulfates up to and including 3320 ppm in water have no significant effect on reproduction in the gilt or sow.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.