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EC number: 203-913-4 | CAS number: 111-84-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Basic toxicokinetics
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment.
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Inhalation kinetics of C6 to C10 aliphatic, aromatic and naphthenic hydrocarbons in rat after repeated exposures
- Author:
- Zahlsen, K. et al.
- Year:
- 1 992
- Bibliographic source:
- Pharmacology & Toxicology 71: 144-149
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Accumulation and distribution of aliphatic (n-nonane), aromatic (1,2,4-trimethylbenzene) and naphtenic (1,2,4-trimethylcyclohexane) hydrocarbons in the rat after repeated inhalation.
- Author:
- Zahlsen, K. et al.
- Year:
- 1 990
- Bibliographic source:
- Pharmacology & Toxicology 67: 436-440
Materials and methods
- Objective of study:
- distribution
- toxicokinetics
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- 14 day toxicokinetic study in rats.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Nonane
- EC Number:
- 203-913-4
- EC Name:
- Nonane
- Cas Number:
- 111-84-2
- Molecular formula:
- C9H20
- IUPAC Name:
- nonane
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): n-Nonane
- Analytical purity: no data
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Møllegaard A/S, L1, Skensved, Denmark
- Weight at study initiation: 150 - 200 g
- Individual metabolism cages: no
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 4-6 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 23±1 during exposure
- Humidity (%): 70 ± 20 during exposure
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 10/14
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: vapour
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on exposure:
- TYPE OF INHALATION EXPOSURE: whole body
GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMPER DESCRIPTION
- Exposure apparatus: conical 0.7 m³ inhalation chambers with a glass front door and walls, accommodating 4 cages each containing up to 6 rats each.
TYPE OF INHALATION EXPOSURE: whole body
Dynamic exposure of anomals was performed in conically shaped 0.7 m3 steel chambers with glass front door and walls as described elsewhere (Walseth & Nilsen 1984). The concentration of hydrocarbons in the inhalation chambers was monitored automatically by on-line gas chromatography, Concentrations were measured in 15 min intervals. The injected sample was separated at 200°C on a 2m x1/8'' stainless steel column packed with GP 10% SP-2100 on Supelcoport 100/120 mesh, with helium as carrier gas. The hydrocarbons were detected by flame ionization (FID) with injector and detector temperatures of 250°. The daily mean concentration was calculated from all measurements performed after the first hour of exposure. During this first hour the concentration exceeded 95% of the steady state concentration. - Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14 days, 12 hours/day
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
5.18 (day 1), 5.24 (day 3), 5.51 (day 7), 5.49 (day 10) and 5.46 (day 14) mg/L, respectively (corresponding to 987, 1000, 1051, 1047 and 1041 ppm, respectively)
- No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- 4 per exposure duration
- Control animals:
- no
- Positive control reference chemical:
- not applicable
- Details on study design:
- The aimed concentration was 1000 ppm. All exposures were performed at daytime for 12 hr (8 a.m. - 8 p.m.). Measurements were done on days 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 after 12 hr exposure. Animals were one by one removed, killed, and blood and organs obtained within 3 min after removal from exposure chamber.
- Details on dosing and sampling:
- PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY (Absorption, distribution, excretion)
- Tissues and body fluids sampled: blood, brain, perirenal fat
- Time and frequency of sampling: day 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14, within 3 min of removal from inhalation chamber - Statistics:
- Student's t-test. Differences in mean concentrations between groups of unequal size were tested by Cochran t-test after comparison of variances by F-test. p<0.05 for statistical significance.
Results and discussion
- Preliminary studies:
- Not performed
Toxicokinetic / pharmacokinetic studies
- Details on absorption:
- Not addressed.
- Details on distribution in tissues:
- n-Nonane demonstrated the highest concentration in blood and brain tissue on day 1 after exposure with gradually decreasing levels thereafter. In perirenal fat, a different pattern was seen with concentrations increasing significantly from day 1 to day 3, thereafter decreasing rapidly from day 7 to 14. The brain/blood concentration ratio was 11.4 and the fat/blood ratio was 113 at day 14.
In comparison with the aromatic and naphthenic hydrocarbons with which it was tested, n-nonane showed the highest accumulation potential in the brain concurrent with a low concentration in the blood. The lower solubility and lower absorption efficiency may facilitate further transportation of alkanes to the brain resulting in transient CNS effects.
Transfer into organs
- Key result
- Test no.:
- #1
- Transfer type:
- blood/brain barrier
- Observation:
- distinct transfer
- Details on excretion:
- Not addressed.
Metabolite characterisation studies
- Metabolites identified:
- not measured
Any other information on results incl. tables
Tissue values extrapolated from graphs:
Day |
1 |
3 |
7 |
10 |
14 |
ppm |
987 |
1000 |
1051 |
1047 |
1041 |
Blood (µmol/L) |
174 |
140 |
125 |
95 |
94 |
Brain (µmol/kg) |
1416 |
1200 |
1200 |
1050 |
1000 |
Fat (µmol/kg) |
12500 |
15980 |
13500 |
10000 |
7500 |
Conclusion:
n-Nonane was found in higher concentrations in brain and in lower concentrations in blood on day 1 after exposure. The levels in brain and blood decreased with increasing exposure days. In perirenal fat, concentrations of n-nonane were the highest compared to brain and blood. Maximum concentrations in perirenal fat was observed at 3 days of exposure and rapidly declined over the duration of the study to ½ concentration by day 14. The decline in concentration in all monitored systems suggests adaptive mechanisms with the induction of metabolizing enzymes over time.
In subsequent studies, Zahlsen
et al. 1992 corroborated these observations for n-alkanes administered
at lower concentration of 100 ppm for 12 hours for 3 days: low
concentration in blood, relatively high concentration in brain and
potential for accumulation in fat with repeated exposure up to day 3
termination.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results: other: see conclusions below
n-Nonane was found in higher concentrations in brain and in lower concentrations in blood on day 1 after exposure. The levels in brain and blood decreased with increasing exposure days. In perirenal fat, concentrations of n-nonane were the highest compared to brain and blood. Maximum concentrations in perirenal fat was observed at 3 days of exposure and rapidly declined over the duration of the study to ½ concentration by day 14. The decline in concentration in all monitored systems suggests adaptive mechanisms with the induction of metabolizing enzymes over time. - Executive summary:
n-Nonane was found in higher concentrations in brain and in lower concentrations in blood on day 1 after exposure. The levels in brain and blood decreased with increasing exposure days. In perirenal fat, concentrations of n-nonane were the highest compared to brain and blood. Maximum concentrations in perirenal fat was observed at 3 days of exposure and rapidly declined over the duration of the study to ½ concentration by day 14. The decline in concentration in all monitored systems suggests adaptive mechanisms with the induction of metabolizing enzymes over time.
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