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EC number: 952-026-5 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Health surveillance data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- health surveillance data
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Respiratory effects and serum type III procollagen in potato sorters exposed to diatomaceous earth
- Author:
- Jorna TH, Borm PJ, Koiter KD, Slangen JJ, Henderson PT, Wouters EF
- Year:
- 1 994
- Bibliographic source:
- Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 66(4):217-22
Materials and methods
- Study type:
- medical monitoring
- Endpoint addressed:
- repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline required
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The occurrence of pneumoconiosis and airflow limitations in 172 male workers from 5 potato sorting plants exposed to inorganic dust from former sea terraces high in diatomaceous earth was determined. The presence of fibrosis was evaluated by chest radiograph and serum levels of type 111 procollagen (P-111-P) were measured as an estimate of fibrogenetic activity. Lung function was assessed by flow volume curves and impedance measurements. A validated questionnaire was used to record respiratory symptoms
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Diatomaceous earth
- IUPAC Name:
- Diatomaceous earth
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): diatomaceous earth
Constituent 1
Method
- Type of population:
- occupational
- Ethical approval:
- other: written informed consent of participants was obtained prior to measurements.
- Details on study design:
- HYPOTHESIS TESTED
The main purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine whether respiratory hazards are present due to the exposure mix, high in diatomaceous dust in potato sorting.
SETTING AND STUDY POPULATION
Male Caucasian workers (11 = 174) from 5 potato sorting plants of the same agricultural cooperative in the Netherlands were studied (Table 1), and 172 complete data sets were obtained. The study was conducted in the month of October, just after the potato harvest at peak activity of these plants.
Salesmen (n = 29) who experienced short-term exposure during the taxation of the crop (1 h/day on average) were regarded as a separate group. Questionnaires were obtained from 55 office staff (Group I = controls), 29 salesmen (II = salesmen), 72 blue collar workers (Ill = currently exposed), and 16 retired blue collar workers (IV = retired exposed)
Results and discussion
- Results:
- No irregularities were detected on the chest radiographs; in consequence, all radiographs were classified as 0/0 according to ILO criteria. In line with this finding, serum PIII-P levels were similar in the control and exposed groups.
All spirometric parameters, except FVC (forced vital capacity) were significantly lower in currently exposed workers (group III) than in controls (table 2). Differences were even more pronounced in the group of retired workers (group IV).
Airflow limitation (FEV1 ≤ 80%) was observed in 23 subjects, resulting in an incidence rate of 23/172 (13.4%). Cumulative dust exposure in the 16 workers with FEV1 ≤ 80% from groups III and IV was significantly higher compared to workers without airflow limitation (223.4 vs 112.5 gh/m3, p≤0.001).
The analysis of questionnaire data showed that dust exposure was significantly related to complaints of productive cough and chronic bronchitis.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 2: Average results of flow volume curves, impedance measurements, and serum P-III-P measurements in the four groups of workers.
Parameter |
Group I |
Group II |
Group III |
Group IV |
||||
Office staff (control) |
Salesmen |
Current exposed |
Retired exposed |
|||||
n = 55 |
n = 29 |
n = 72 |
n = 16 |
|||||
Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
|
Spirometry |
||||||||
FVC [%a]] |
109.5 |
10.9 |
110.4 |
11.4 |
107.3 |
11.5 |
109.0 |
16.4 |
FEV1 [%a]] |
99.0 |
11.8 |
100.2 |
12.5 |
93.4 * |
15.6 |
93.4 * |
22.7 |
FEV1/FVC ratio |
74.2 |
7.2 |
74.0 |
7.5 |
70.4 * |
9.3 |
66.4 * |
8.2 |
PEF [%a]] |
98.8 |
13.2 |
102.2 |
15.5 |
93.2 * |
17.6 |
88.9 ** |
23.1 |
MMEF [%a]] |
78.5 |
21.1 |
79.2 |
22.2 |
67.6 ** |
24.4 |
59.5 ** |
33.1 |
Impedance |
||||||||
R8 [hPa s/l] |
2.26 |
0.56 |
2.22 |
0.57 |
2.42 * |
0.97 |
2.85 ** |
1.38 |
FD [hPa s/l] |
0.36 |
0.37 |
0.38 |
0.36 |
0.21 * |
0.63 |
-0.28 * |
0.78 |
X8 [hPa s/l] |
0.04 |
0.20 |
0.05 |
0.21 |
-0.11 * |
0.51 |
-0.47 * |
1.06 |
f0 [hPa s/l] |
8.17 |
1.90 |
8.16 |
1.82 |
9.63 * |
4.4 |
12.62 * |
7.9 |
Blood |
||||||||
Serum P-III-P levels |
50.9 |
9.39 |
47.34 |
8.01 |
46.92 |
8.52 |
46.04 |
9.14 |
Significantly different from control (Group I) at * p<0.05 ** p<0.01
a]Spirometric parameters as % predicted of European Community of Coal and Steel (ECCS) reference values.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- This study shows that working populations exposed to clay (with amorphous diatomaceous earth) is not at an increased risk to develop pneumoconiosis. The main respiratory effect of the dust observed was airflow limitation with or without chronic bronchitis. No discrimination between the effects of total dust and respirable silica could be made.
- Executive summary:
The occurrence of pneumoconiosis and airflow limitation in 172 male workers from 5 potato sorting plants (55 controls, 29 salesman with low exposure, 72 currently exposed, 16 retired exposed) exposed to inorganic dust high in diatomaceous earth was investigated.
No pneumoconiotic abnormalities were detected in by chest radiography in any worker. In line with this finding, serum PIII-P levels, as marker for fibrotic activity, were similar in the control and exposed groups. Nearly all spirometric parameters were significantly lower in currently exposed workers and even more so in retired workers compared to controls. The observed airflow obstruction was dose related to dust exposure.
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