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EC number: 294-954-7 | CAS number: 91771-61-8 Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Cymbopogon winterianus, Gramineae.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
Oral uptake is expected based on information from available studies (acute and repeated dose oral toxicity) and favourable physicochemical parameters. Dermal absorption is also expected based on information from available studies (sensitisation, modelling) and favourable physicochemical parameters. In addition, uptake via the inhalation route cannot be excluded. Relatively wide distribution and excretion through urine is expected based on the metabolism described for the major constituents and their high water solubility and low molecular weight. The absorption values to be used for hazard assessment are 100% for the inhalation route, 50% for the oral route and 1.996% for the dermal route.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Bioaccumulation potential:
- low bioaccumulation potential
- Absorption rate - oral (%):
- 50
- Absorption rate - dermal (%):
- 1.996
- Absorption rate - inhalation (%):
- 100
Additional information
Toxicokinetic evaluation of Cymbopogon winterianus based on existing data
REACH indicates that an “assessment of the toxicokinetic behaviour of the substance to the extent that can be derived from the relevant available information” should be performed at Annex VIII level.
General information
Citronella oil (Cymbopogon winterianus) is a substance of Unknown or Variable composition, Complex reaction products or Biological material (UVCB substances), or more specifically a NCS (Natural Complex Substance). As such, Citronella oil is part of the particular category of essential oils, extracts, fractions and distillation products of the Rutaceae family, and consists of the following identified constituents:
|
Name - Constituent |
CAS Number - Constituent |
EC Number - Constituent |
Concentration range
|
|
1,L-Limonene |
(S)-p-mentha-1,8-diene |
5989-54-8 |
227-815-6 |
1.50% |
5.00% |
1,(+)-Citronellal |
(R)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-enal |
2385-77-5 |
219-194-5 |
7.00% |
43.00% |
Geraniol |
Geraniol (E-isomer) |
106-24-1 |
203-377-1 |
19.00% |
49% |
(±)-β-Citronellol: mixture |
3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol |
106-22-9 |
203-375-0 |
8.00% |
14.00% |
Geranyl acetate (E-isomer) |
trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl acetate |
105-87-3 |
203-341-5 |
2.00% |
5.00% |
Camphene |
Mixture of isomers |
79-92-5 |
201-234-8 |
0.00% |
<1% |
Linalool |
(±)-3,7-Dimethyl-3-hydroxy-1,6-octadiene |
78-70-6 |
201-134-4 |
0.00% |
2.00% |
Caryophyllene beta |
trans-(1R,9S)-8-Methylene-4,11,11-trimethylbicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene |
87-44-5 |
201-746-1 |
0.00% |
3.50% |
Sabinene (mixture of isomers) |
thuj-4(10)-ene |
3387-41-5 |
222-212-4 |
0.00% |
<1 % |
Myrcene beta |
7-Methyl-3-methylene-1,6-octadiene |
123-35-3 |
204-622-5 |
0.00% |
<1% |
beta-ocimene (cis & trans): mixture of isomers |
(Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-1,3,6,-triene (cis) / (E)-3,7-dimethylocta-1,3,6-triene (trans) |
3338-55-4 (cis) / 3779-61-1 (trans) |
222-081-3 |
0.00% |
<1% |
Isopulegol |
(1R,3R,4S)-p-Menth-8-en-3-ol or (−)-Isopulegol |
89-79-2 |
201-940-6 |
0.00% |
2.00% |
Neo isopulegol |
(-)-Neo Isopulegol |
96612-21-4 |
|
0.50% |
3.00% |
Citronellyl acetate |
Mixture of isomers |
150-84-5 |
205-775-0 |
1.00% |
4.00% |
Cadinenes |
Mixture of isomers Alpha, Gamma, Delta |
483-76-1 / 39029-41-9 / 24406-05-1 |
|
1.00% |
4.00% |
Terpineol |
mixture of 3 isomers: alpha, beta and gamma |
8000-41-7 |
232-268-1 |
0.00% |
<1% |
(+/-)-Borneol |
endo-(1R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol |
507-70-0 |
208-080-0 |
0% |
<1% |
Alpha-pinene |
2,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene |
80-56-8 |
201-291-9 |
0% |
<1% |
(−)-β -Elemene (beta) |
Cyclohexane, 1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis(1-methylethenyl)-, (1S,2S,4R)- |
515-13-9 |
610-676-4 |
0% |
3.00% |
(-)-Elemol |
(1S,2S,4R)-(-)-α,α-dimethyl-1-vinyl-o-menth-8-ene-4-methanol |
639-99-6 |
211-360-5 |
0.50% |
5.00% |
(-)-Germacrene D |
1,6-Cyclodecadiene, 1-methyl-5-methylene-8-(1- methylethyl)-, [S-(E,E)]- |
23986-74-5 |
|
0.50% |
3.00% |
Eugenol |
2-Methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenol |
97-53-0 |
202-589-1 |
0% |
3.00% |
Geranial |
trans-isomer of 3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dienal |
141-27-5 |
205-476-5 |
0% |
11.00% |
Muurolol (T & A) |
tau-muurolol, alpha-muurolol |
19912-62-0 / 19435-97-3 |
|
0% |
3.00% |
Nerol |
cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol |
106-25-2 |
203-378-7 |
0% |
<1% |
Terpinolene |
p-mentha-1,4(8)-diene |
586-62-9 |
209-578-0 |
0% |
<1% |
Decanal |
1-decylaldehyde |
112-31-2 |
203-957-4 |
0% |
<1% |
Farnesol |
2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-ol |
4602-84-0 |
225-004-1 |
0% |
<1% |
p-mentha-1(7),2-diene |
(+/-)-beta-Phellandrene |
555-10-2 |
209-081-9 |
0% |
<1% |
Neryl acetate |
cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl acetate |
141-12-8 |
205-459-2 |
0% |
1.00% |
P-cymene |
1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene |
99-87-6 |
202-796-7 |
0% |
<1.00% |
Unknown and other minor constituents <1% |
|
|
|
0% |
<10.00% |
The main constituents of Cymbopogon winterianus are 1,(+)-Citronellal, Geraniol,(±)-β-Citronellol, which add up to an percentage range of 34-106% (typical concentration 70.7%).
ADME data
Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion data onCymbopogon winterianusitself are not available and therefore the toxicokinetic assessment is based on the available toxicology data forCymbopogon winterianus, as well as data for the main constituents.
Information from physico chemical and toxicity studies
An overview of the relevant physicochemical parameters for Cymbopogon winterianus and its major constituents 1,(+)-Citronellal, Geraniol and (±)-β-Citronellol, is provided below:
|
Citronella oil |
1,(+)-Citronellal |
Geraniol |
Citronellol |
|
|
From REACH dossier (CAS# 2385-77-5) |
From REACH dossier (CAS# 106-24-1) |
From REACH dossier (CAS# 106-22-9) |
Physical state |
Liquid |
Liquid |
Liquid |
Liquid |
Structure |
UVCB |
|||
Molecular weight |
UVCB |
154 g/mol |
154 g/mol |
156 g/mol |
Water solubility |
0.05 - 1767 mg/l at 25 °C |
52 mg/L at 25 °C |
100 mg/L at 25 °C |
307 mg/L at 25 °C |
Log Kow |
2.73 - 7.04 |
3.83 at 25 °C |
2.6 at 25 °C |
3.41 at 25 °C |
Vapour pressure |
22.14 Pa at 25 °C |
33.9 Pa at 25 °C |
0.00796 Pa at 20 °C |
8.6 Pa at 20 °C |
Absorption
Oral: Based on the relatively low molecular weight of the major constituents 1,(+)-Citronellal, Geraniol and (±)-β-Citronellol absorption via the oral tract could be expected. Water solubility of the major constituents (52-307 mg/L) is regarded high enough to expect ready dissolution in gastrointestinal fluids. Furthermore uptake by passive diffusion can be expected based on the moderate log Kow values of the major constituents. Uptake throughaqueous pores or carriage of such molecules across membranes with the bulk passage of waterin the GI tract can be expected based on the relatively low molecular weight. The oral absorption of the more highly lipophilic constituents of this UVCB (log Kow > 4) may be more dependent on micellar solubilisation.
Based on the previous, the substance could be absorbed in the human body via the oral route. This is supported by the findings in an oral acute toxicity study, which reported severe toxic effects following oral administration of 5000 mg/kg bw of Cymbopogon winterianus to a female rat. Furthermore, in an OECD TG 422 feeding study, a reduction in litter size and fluctuations in some biochemical parameters were observed. These findings are supportive for systemic absorption of the substance via the gastrointestinal tract.
Dermal: An acute dermal toxicity test was performed on rabbits with Cymbopogon winterianus (single dose occluded dressing, 24h exposure). Treatment with the test item did not result in any deaths, clinical signs of toxicity or macroscopical abnormalities, indicating the absence of systemic effects of dermal exposure.Furthermore, the substance did not cause any skin irritant effects up to the limit dose. However, as sensitisation is also expected for this substance, some uptake must occur, although this may only be applicable for a small fraction.
Due to the liquid state of the substance, dermal absorption can be expected. In order to assess the potential for dermal absorption, the absorption of all components with a typical concentration of 1% or higher was calculated using the IH Skinperm tool version 2.0. In the model the following input was used as a worst-case, which resulted in the highest dermal absorption:
- Instantaneous deposition: 100 mg;
- Affected skin area: 1,000 cm2;
- Maximum skin adherence: 7 mg/cm2;
- Thickness of stagnant air: 100 cm;
- Weight fraction: 1;
- Observation time: 24 hours;
- Calculated intervals: 10,000.
The substance specific input for Skinperm was taken from the QPRF document and Substance Identity Profile. Missing information was taken from reliable sources such as the ECHA substance database, the Gestis substance database, Dohsbase or Chemspider. The following input was used.
Name |
CAS |
Typical concentration (%) |
Molecular weight |
Vapour pressure (Pa) |
water solubility (mg/l) |
Log Kow |
Density (g/ml) |
Melting point |
Max skin adherence (mg/cm2) |
Dermal fraction absorbed 8 hours |
(R)-p-mentha-1,8-diene |
5989-27-5 |
3.76% |
136.234 |
193 |
44.388 |
4.83 |
0.842 |
-74 |
8.42 |
0.020% |
Citronellal |
2385-77-5 |
36.37% |
154.35 |
33.9 |
514.22 |
3.53 |
0.851 |
25 |
8.51 |
0.191% |
Geraniol |
106-24-1 |
21.56% |
154.249 |
2.12 |
1012.6 |
3.47 |
0.8894 |
-15 |
8.894 |
0.250% |
Citronellol |
106-22-9 |
12.74% |
156.27 |
2.26 |
472.85 |
3.56 |
0.858 |
-20 |
8.58 |
0.136% |
Geranyl acetate |
105-87-3 |
3.10% |
196.29 |
6.17 |
57.985 |
4.48 |
0.91 |
-6.1 |
9.1 |
0.013% |
Isopulegol |
89-79-2 |
1.07% |
154.249 |
0.662 |
943.2 |
3.37 |
0.911 |
78 |
9.11 |
0.012% |
Neo isopulegol |
96612-21-4 |
1.75% |
154.249 |
0.662 |
943.2 |
3.37 |
0.911 |
78 |
9.11 |
0.019% |
Citronellyl acetate |
150-84-5 |
2.62% |
198.31 |
7.01 |
27.004 |
4.56 |
0.891 |
-7.4 |
8.91 |
0.010% |
Cadinenes |
483-76-1 / 39029-41-9 / 24406-05-1 |
2.18% |
204.352 |
2.51 |
0.80763 |
6.32 |
0.916 |
35.55 |
9.16 |
0.037% |
Cyclohexane, 1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis(1-methylethenyl)-, (1S,2S,4R)- |
515-13-9 |
2.03% |
204.36 |
12.3 |
0.27444 |
7.04 |
0.862 |
-0.48 |
8.62 |
0.015% |
(1S,2S,4R)-(-)-α,α-dimethyl-1-vinyl-o-menth-8-ene-4-methanol |
639-99-6 |
2.70% |
222.37 |
10.501 |
0.0514 |
5.54 |
0.945 |
50.56 |
9.45 |
0.004% |
Germacrene D |
23986-74-5 |
2.18% |
204.351 |
3.04 |
0.81945 |
6.99 |
0.9 |
15.76 |
9 |
0.061% |
Eugenol |
97-53-0 |
1.05% |
164.201 |
1.26 |
979.83 |
2.73 |
1.0652 |
-7.5 |
10.652 |
0.012% |
Muurolol (T & A) |
19912-62-0 / 19435-97-3 |
3.00% |
222.366 |
0.011 |
14,739 |
4.77 |
0.937 |
81 |
9.37 |
1.137% |
Unknown and other minor constituents |
|
3.89% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sum |
|
100% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.996% |
The weighted permeability calculated using the IH Skinperm tool was 1.996% and this will be used for risk assessment. This number is corrected for the unknown and minor constituents not taken into account in the Skinperm modelling.
Inhalation: The moderate log Kow values of the main constituents (between -1 and 4) as well as their molecular weights are favourable for absorption directly across the respiratory tract epithelium by passive diffusion. The constituents with a higher log Kow (>4), and a low water solubility (<1 mg/L) may be taken up by micellular solubilisation. These physico-chemical propertieswould also favour absorption directly across the respiratory tract epithelium following aspiration.
Distribution
Distribution ofCymbopogon winterianusand its major constituent is expected based on the relatively low molecular weights. Also the water solubility favours distribution through the body, while the Log Kow suggests distribution into cells. A higher intracellular concentration is expected, especially in fatty tissues. Signs of liver discolouration in after acute exposure, and reproductive toxicity after repeated exposure, suggests that the substance is distributed to the liver and (female) reproductive system.
Metabolism
No information on metabolism can be derived from the physicochemical data that is available forCymbopogon winterianus. No information on metabolism of this UVCB is available from studies, but data is available for some of its major constituents 1,(+)-Citronellal, Geraniol.
1,(+)-Citronellalhas been investigated in rabbits. In a study by Ishida et al. (1989) regioselective oxidation was found and a trans-positioned methyl group was carboxylated in the metabolites detected in the urine of rabbits dosed orally with 2g test substance[1]. The formation of metabolites occurred via both oxidation and reduction pathways. An earlier study by Kühn et al (1938) reported urinary excretion of menthoglycol-glucuronic acid by rabbits after feeding of citronellal[2], suggesting the involvement of phase-II glucuronidation processes.
ForGeraniolseveral studies have been performed. Chadha et al. (1984) investigated the metabolic pathway of Geraniol in rats that were repeatedly exposed to 800 mg/kg bw by gavage[3]. Two metabolism pathways were identified including; 1) oxidation to geranic acid with subsequent hydration to 3-hydroxy citronellic acid, 2) selective omega-oxidation of the C8-methyl to yield 8-hydroxygeraniol and 8 -carboxygeraniol, which further oxidized to the principal urinary metabolite 2,6-dimethyl-2,6-octadienedioic acid. The detoxification of geraniol was also described by Williams et al. (1959)[4]. Following hydrolysis, geraniol undergoes a complex pattern of alcohol oxidation, ω-oxidation, hydration, selective hydrogenation and subsequent conjugation to form oxygenated polar urinary metabolite. Alternatively, the corresponding carboxylic acids formed can enter the beta-oxidation pathway and are metabolized to carbon dioxide.
Elimination
Based on the relatively low molecular weight and high water solubility, the substance and its major constituents are expected to be excreted via the urine via passive diffusion. Re-absorption from urine into systemic circulation would also be possible. Secretion via bile and thus faeces is unlikely. Metabolites of the major constituents are also mainly excreted though the urine, as described in the section on metabolism. Excretion of the main constituents via breast milk, saliva and sweat is not expected to a large extent as these constituents are not regarded as lipophilic (Log Kow < 4), however (partial) excretion of some of the other constituents with a log Kow > 4 cannot be excluded.
Accumulation
The substance cannot be regarded as highly lipophilic based on its Log Kow and is therefore not expected to have a high accumulation potential.
Data from other studies
|
Cymbopogon winterianus |
Oral toxicity data |
Moribound state and patchy pallor of the liver as well as epithelial sloughing of the gastric mucosa. |
Dermal toxicity data |
Treatment with the test item did not result in any deaths, clinical signs of toxicity or macroscopical abnormalities. |
Skin irritation / corrosivity |
No skin irritation observed in dermal toxicity test |
Skin sensitisation data |
Skin Sens. 1, since the major constituents 1,(+)-citronellal (CAS 2385-77-5), citronellol (CAS 1117-61-9) and geraniol (CAS 106-24-1) are currently classified as skin sensitisers. |
Target organs |
Signs of liver discolouration in after acute exposure, and reproductive toxicity after repeated exposure, suggests that the substance is distributed to the liver and (female) reproductive system. |
Conclusion
Oral uptake is expected based on information from available studies (acute and repeated dose oral toxicity) and favourable physicochemical parameters. Dermal absorption is also expected based on information from available studies (sensitisation, modelling) and favourable physicochemical parameters. In addition, uptake via the inhalation route cannot be excluded. Relatively wide distribution and excretion through urine is expected based on the metabolism described for the major constituents and their high water solubility and low molecular weight. The absorption values to be used for hazard assessment are 100% for the inhalation route, 50% for the oral route and 1.996% for the dermal route.
[1]Terpenoid biotransformation in mammals. V. Metabolism of (+)-citronellal, (±)-7-hydroxycitronellal, citral, (−)-perillaldehyde, (−)-myrtenal, cuminaldehyde, thujone, and (±)-carvone in rabbits, T. Ishida, M. Toyota & Y. Asakawa, Xenobiotica Vol. 19 , Iss. 8,1989
[2]Über die Ausscheidung: von Menthoglykol-glucuronsäure durch Kaninchen nach Fütterung von Citronellal. Kühn, R. & Löw., I. Hoppe-Seyler´s Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie, 254(3-6), pp. 139-143. (1938).
[3]Metabolism of Geraniol and Linalool in the Rat and effects on liver and Lung Microsomal Enzymes. Chadha A, Madyastha M, Xenobiotica 14: 365-374, 1984
[4]The Metabolism and Detoxification of Drugs, Toxic Substances and Other Organic Compounds. 2nd Ed., Chapman and Hall Ltd., London, p. 520. Williams RT(1959)
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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