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EC number: 931-322-8 | CAS number: 68131-74-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Additional physico-chemical information
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- other: morphology and mineralogy of ashes
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Acceptable, well-documented publication meeting basic scientific principles.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- The occurrence of quartz in coal fly ash particles
- Author:
- Meij, R. et. al.
- Year:
- 2 000
- Bibliographic source:
- Inhalation Toxicology, 12 (Supplement 3): 109-116
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- 1) XRD analyses for the determination of mineral phases
2) scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
3) EDX (X-ray microanalyses or XMA with a light-element detector)
4) SEM/XMA applied on polished embedded particles in epoxy resin (examination of a cross section of ash particles) - GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Ashes (residues), coal
- EC Number:
- 931-322-8
- Cas Number:
- 68131-74-8
- Molecular formula:
- Not applicable (UVCB substance)
- IUPAC Name:
- Ashes (residues), coal
Constituent 1
Results and discussion
- Results:
- Conclusions
Coal gasification ash (CG slag and CG fly ash), as produced in the Netherlands, consists entirely of glass and does not contain any crystalline silica forms. No cristobalite or tridamite could be demonstrated in any of the ashes studied.
In Dutch power plants after combustion of the coal, about 50% of the original quartz remains in the ash, which is mostly present in the coarse fraction as free angular particles. The quartz content of the health-relevant respirable fraction is lower: less than 1% of the original quartz in coal. However, the major part of the quartz in the respirable fraction is embedded in the glass matrix of the fly ash particle. Since the effects of quartz are surface related, these findings explain the negative results of quartz related effects of PFA (pulverized fuel ash) in epidemiological, in vitro and in vivo studies. Besides, the amount of the total α-quartz in the respirable fraction of the ashes studied is less than 0.2%, so in practice the occupational quartz standard will not be exceeded.
There is no reason to assume that coal ash, as produced in the Netherlands, induces PMF (progressive massive fibrosis), so occupational limits of quartz should be applicable.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Quartz content, relative enrichment factor, density and mass medium diameter
|
|
α-Quartz content (XRD) |
Density (kg/dm³) |
D50 (µm) |
||
|
n |
Mean± SD (%) |
RE factor |
Physical |
Aerodynamic |
|
Coal |
50 |
2.1± 1.4a |
|
1.2 |
75.5± 13.5 |
82.7± 14.9 |
PFBA |
1 |
10.8 |
0.39 |
|
Coarse |
|
PFA-C |
13 |
9.2± 3.0 |
0.47± 0.12 |
2.2 |
20.4± 5.2 |
30.8± 7.9 |
PFA-4 or 5 |
5 |
3.6± 1.3 |
0.16± 0.02 |
2.7 |
6.0± 3.8 |
9.9± 6.2 |
CG slag |
4 |
n.d.b |
|
|
Coarse |
|
CG fly ash |
4 |
n.d. |
|
2.6 |
2.7 |
4.3 |
a As a weighted average of the coal as fired in the Netherlands
b In one sample some quartz was found present as arr impurity of unburned coal.
Occurrence of quartz in pulverized coal and coal fly ash particles
Α-Quartz content, % (w/w) |
|||||||||
SEM / XMA |
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
Total fraction |
Respirable fraction (PM4) |
||||
Code |
Power station |
Sample type |
XRD total |
Total |
Enclosed |
Free |
Total |
Enclosed |
Free |
21 |
AC-9 |
p.coal |
4.2 |
4.0 ± 3.2 |
1.4 ± 1.2 |
2.6 ± 3.9 |
0.022 ± 0.023 |
0.018 ± 0.023 |
0.004 ± 0.006 |
22 |
AC-9 |
PFA-C |
14.1 |
14.5 ± 4.1 |
4.7 ± 0.9 |
9.8 ± 4.0 |
0.10 ± 0.05 |
0.06 ± 0.02 |
0.04 ± 0.03 |
23 |
AC-9 |
PFA-5 |
4.4 |
5.6 ± 1.3 |
3.9 ± 0.6 |
1.7 ± 1.5 |
0.61 ± 0.16 |
0.55 ± 014 |
0.06 ± 0.06 |
47 |
CG-13 |
PFA-C |
9.9 |
11.2 ± 3.6 |
5.6 ± 1.4 |
5.6 ± 2.9 |
0.14 ± 0.07 |
0.12 ± 0.05 |
0.02 ± 0.03 |
48 |
CG-13 |
PFA-4 |
5.2 |
7.1 ± 2.3 |
4.9 ± 1.2 |
2.2 ± 1.6 |
0.17 ± 0.07 |
0.15 ± 0.05 |
0.02 ± 0.02 |
Number of particles studied |
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
Quartz-containing particles |
Respirable (PM4) quartz-containing particles |
||||
Code |
Part PM4, % (w/w) |
PM4 |
Total |
Total |
Enclosed |
Free |
Total |
Enclosed |
Free |
21 |
0.17 |
24 |
217 |
98 |
88 |
10 |
11 |
11 |
0 |
22 |
1.2 |
346 |
5594 |
1996 |
1636 |
360 |
80 |
73 |
7 |
23 |
20 |
616 |
996 |
156 |
149 |
7 |
60 |
59 |
1 |
47 |
2.3 |
273 |
1822 |
544 |
488 |
56 |
62 |
58 |
4 |
48 |
3.5 |
347 |
2501 |
646 |
611 |
35 |
67 |
66 |
1 |
Total |
|
1606 |
11130 |
3440 |
3272 |
468 |
280 |
267 |
13 |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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