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EC number: 266-028-2 | CAS number: 65996-93-2 The residue from the distillation of high temperature coal tar. A black solid with an approximate softening point from 30°C to 180°C (86°F to 356°F). Composed primarily of a complex mixture of three or more membered condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbons.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Dermal absorption
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- dermal absorption in vitro / ex vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Dermal Absorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Blood-perfused Pig Ear
- Author:
- VanRooij JGM, Vinke E, De Lange J, Bruijnzeel PLB, Bodelier-Bade MM, Noordhoek J, Jongeneelen FJ
- Year:
- 1 995
- Bibliographic source:
- J. Appl. Toxicol. 15, 193-200
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Skin model/in-vitro blood perfusion model: by de Lange et al. 1991, J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods 27 71-77
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Coal tar
- Molecular formula:
- not applicalbe
- IUPAC Name:
- Coal tar
- Test material form:
- liquid: viscous
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): coal tar
- Physical state: liquid, viscous - Radiolabelling:
- no
Test animals
- Species:
- pig
- Strain:
- other: domestic
- Sex:
- not specified
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Slaughterhouse: no details
- Weight at study initiation: 75 - 100 kg
- Experimental conditions: only skin samples (ear) of the animals were used in the in-vitro dermal absorption experiment
Administration / exposure
- Type of coverage:
- open
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Duration of exposure:
- average perfusion time: 250 min
- Doses:
- ~11 mg coal tar/cm² [100 %]
==============================
Substance: Content in coal tar [%] / Single PAH dose [µg/cm²];
fluorene: 2.1 / 230 ;
phenanthrene: 6.8 / 750 ;
anthracene: 3.7 / 410 ;
fluoranthene: 4.0 / 440 ;
pyrene: 2.1 / 230 ;
benzo[b]fluoranthene: 0.9 / 90 ;
benzo[k]fluoranthene: 0.4 / 44 ;
benzo[a]pyrene: 0.9 / 90 ;
indeno[123-cd]pyrene: 0.6 / 66 ;
dibenz[ah]anthracene: 0.4 / 44 ;
Total: ~22 % / ~2400 µg/cm²
============================== - No. of animals per group:
- 5 pig ears per treatment
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- DOSE PREPARATION
not applicable, neat substance tested
APPLICATION OF DOSE: topical to the ear
VEHICLE: not applicable
TEST SITE
- Preparation of test site: no particular action
- Area of exposure: 6 x 4 cm²
- Type of cover / wrap if used: none
REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Perfusion: until perfusion pressure became too high (> 70 mm Hg), max. 250 min
- Removal of protecting device: not relevant
- Washing procedures and type of cleansing agent: not relevant, termination of test
- Time after start of exposure: max. 250 min
SAMPLE COLLECTION
- Collection of blood: 200 min, for pyrene: complete kinetics with 10 - 11 time intervals up to 200 - 250 min
ANALYSIS
- Blood samples (10 ml): Reversed-phase HPLC after 3-fold extraction with n-hexane, evaporation of the solvent and re-dissolution of the residues in methanol (2 ml)
- The method for analysis of the 10 PAHs has an average coefficient of variation of 14.4 %
- Recovery ranged from 45 % for dibenzo[a]anthracene to 97 % for anthracene
- Limits of detection:
[pmol/ml blood]
===============================
fluorene 53.0
phenanthrene 1.7
anthracene 2.0
fluoranthene 51.0
pyrene 2.7
benzo[b]fluoranthene 7.8
benzo[k]fluoranthene 0.3
benzo[a]pyrene 6.3
indeno[123-cd]pyrene 8.3
dibenzo[ah]anthracene 16.5
===============================
STATISTICS:
Paired t-test to determine whether the dermal absorption of the various PAH was statistically different from pyrene absorption - Details on in vitro test system (if applicable):
- In-vitro blood perfusion model:
Five ears from domestic pigs were used to study the uptake of 10 PAH in blood after coal-tar application.
The treatment started after 30 min pre-perfusion with oxygenated blood. Perfusion was carried out at 30 °C with heparinized pig blood collected from the pigs.
Coal tar was applied to a skin area of 6 x 4 cm² with an average dose of 11 mg/cm².
Simultaneously, functional control measurements were conducted to assure the physiological integrity of the organ, including blood pressure, blood flow, and glucose uptake.
Results and discussion
- Total recovery:
- It is not reasonable to estimate total recovery in relation to an applied dose, because the test material was highly overdosed. But owing to the high dosage, the measured fluxes can be supposed to be maximum absorption rates.
==============================
Initial absorption rates of 10 PAHs from coal tar applied to the perfused pig ear:
(Absorption flux at 200 min p.a.)
----------------------------------------------------
Substance: [pmol/(h*cm²)] / [ng/(h*cm²)];
----------------------------------------------------
fluorene: 430 / approx. 71;
phenanthrene: 580 / approx. 103;
anthracene: 110 / approx. 19.5;
fluoranthene: 105 / approx. 21;
pyrene: 60 / approx. 12;
benzo[b]fluoranthene: 3 / approx. 0.8;
benzo[k]fluoranthene: 1 / -- ;
benzo[a]pyrene: 3 / approx. 0.8;
indeno[123-cd]pyrene: 1 / -- ;
dibenzo[ah]anthracene: 1 / --
==============================
Percutaneous absorptionopen allclose all
- Key result
- Time point:
- 200 min
- Dose:
- 11 mg coal tar (750 µg phenanthrene)/cm²
- Parameter:
- rate
- Absorption:
- ca. 103 other: ng/(h*cm²)
- Remarks on result:
- other: absorption rate for phenanthrene
- Key result
- Time point:
- 200 min
- Dose:
- 11 mg coal tar (230 µg fluorene)/cm²
- Parameter:
- rate
- Absorption:
- ca. 71 other: ng/(h*cm²)
- Remarks on result:
- other: absorption rate for fluorene
- Key result
- Time point:
- 200 min
- Dose:
- 11 mg coal tar (440 µg fluoranthene)/cm²
- Parameter:
- rate
- Absorption:
- ca. 21 other: ng/(h*cm²)
- Remarks on result:
- other: absorption rate for fluoranthene
- Key result
- Time point:
- 200 min
- Dose:
- 11 mg coal tar (410 µg anthracene)/cm²
- Parameter:
- rate
- Absorption:
- ca. 19.5 other: ng/(h*cm²)
- Remarks on result:
- other: absorption rate for anthracene
- Key result
- Time point:
- 200 min
- Dose:
- 11 mg coal tar (230 µg pyrene)/cm²
- Parameter:
- rate
- Absorption:
- ca. 12 other: ng/(h*cm²)
- Remarks on result:
- other: absorption rate for pyrene
- Key result
- Time point:
- 200 min
- Dose:
- 11 mg coal tar (90 µg benzo[a]pyrene)/cm²
- Parameter:
- rate
- Absorption:
- ca. 0.76 other: ng/(h*cm²)
- Remarks on result:
- other: absorption rate for benzo[a]pyrene)
- Key result
- Time point:
- 200 min
- Dose:
- 11 mg coal tar (44 µg dibenz[ah]anthracene)/cm²
- Parameter:
- rate
- Absorption:
- ca. 0.28 other: ng/(h*cm²)
- Remarks on result:
- other: absorption rate for dibenz[ah]anthracene
- Conversion factor human vs. animal skin:
- not applicable
Any other information on results incl. tables
Initial absorption rates of 10 PAHs from coal tar applied to the perfused pig ear
|
Absorption fluxes at 200 min p.a. |
|
|
pmol/(h*cm²) |
ng/(h*cm²) |
Fluorene |
430 |
approx. 71 |
Phenanthrene |
580 |
approx. 103 |
Anthracene |
110 |
approx. 19.5 |
Fluoranthene |
105 |
approx. 21 |
Pyrene |
60 |
approx. 12 |
Benzo[b]fluoranthene |
3 |
approx. 0.76 |
Benzo[k]fluoranthene |
1 |
approx. 0.25 |
Benzo[a]pyrene |
3 |
approx. 0.76 |
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene |
1 |
approx. 0.28 |
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene |
1 |
approx. 0.28 |
The mean absorption fluxes [pmol/(h*cm²)] at 200 min after application of coal tar varied strongly between the 10 PAH.
Furthermore, variation between ears was high, too: for pyrene, for example, the flux ranged between 6 and 155 pmol/(h*cm²) and the cumulative uptake after 200 min was between 26 and 193 pmol/cm². This was not caused by differences in dosing: applied amounts were high overdoses, because 0.2 % of each PAH was absorbed through the skin after 200 min.
The relative cumulative uptake (in relation to pyrene) was 0.01 for indeno[123-cd]pyrene to 12 for phenanthrene, for each PAH except fluoranthene, statistically different from pyrene uptake (p= 0.01). The inter-ear variation was relatively small when the absorbed amount was related to pyrene, indicating that the relative absorption fluxes of the various PAH were quite constant.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
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