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EC number: 231-592-0 | CAS number: 7646-85-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Assessment of the acute oral toxicity of zinc chloride was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss mouse according to OECD guideline no 401 .The LD50 value was within the range of 1,100 to 1,260 mg/kg bw.
In the 10 min inhalation study in female Sprague-Dawley rats, zinc chloride has demonstrated acute toxicity via the inhalation route (LC50 ≤ 1,975 mg/m3). However, since the exposure of the animals to the size of the particles is not truly representative of exposure to humans under normal conditions, it is difficult to assess whether or not, zinc chloride is acutely toxic since a four hour LC50 value could not be derived and a clear dose-response relationhip coud not be established.
Airway irritation has been observed both in animals and in humans, zinc chloride has the potential to be a respiratory tract irritant.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Acute toxicity: via oral route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- Not reported
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 401 (Acute Oral Toxicity)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (No data about doses, controls, observation frequency, fasting period before study, age at study initiation, housing of animals)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Not applicable
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Panlab (Barcelona, Spain)
- Age at study initiation: No data
- Weight at study initiation: 230-280 g
- Fasting period before study: No data
- Housing: No data
- Diet: Standard pellet diet (Panlab, Barcelona, Spain), ad libitum
- Water: Tap water, ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 7 d - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Details on oral exposure:
- VEHICLE
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 1 mL/300 g body weight
DOSAGE PREPARATION: Solutions were administered at pH between 6.0 and 7.0. Sodium bicarbonate was used to adjust the pH when necessary.
CLASS METHOD (if applicable)
- Rationale for the selection of the starting dose: A preliminary screening with small groups of 3 animals of each kind was carried out The LD50 values were then calculated according to the Litchfield and Wilcoxon method. - Doses:
- No data
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Preliminary screening: Three
Main study: Ten - Control animals:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 14 d
- Frequency of observations and weighing: No data
- Necropsy of survivors performed: No
- Other examinations performed: Clinical signs and weight gain - Statistics:
- No data
- Preliminary study:
- A preliminary screening with small groups of three animals of each kind was carried out. The LD50 values were then calculated according to the Litchfield and Wilcoxon method
- Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- 1 100 mg/kg bw
- 95% CL:
- >= 661 - <= 1 830
- Remarks on result:
- other: Equivalent to 528 mg of Zn/kg
- Mortality:
- Mortality observed mostly during the first 48 h of test material administration. No deaths occurred after three days.
- Clinical signs:
- other: Miosis, conjunctivitis and hemorrhages and hematomas in the tail. For details see Table 1 in "Remark on results including tables and figures" field
- Body weight:
- lower than 10% body weight loss
- Gross pathology:
- No data
- Other findings:
- No data
- Interpretation of results:
- Category 4 based on GHS criteria
- Conclusions:
- Under the test conditions, the acute oral LD50 of the test material in Sprague-Dawley rats was calculated to be 1,100 mg/kg (equivalent to 528 mg of Zn/kg).
- Executive summary:
A study was conducted to evaluate the acute oral toxicity of the test material in Sprague-Dawley rats according to the OECD Guideline 401 (Acute Oral Toxicity).
Initially a preliminary screening with small groups of three rats of each kind was carried out and the LD50 values were then calculated according to the Litchfield and Wilcoxon method. The main study was conducted with ten rats.
Miosis, conjunctivitis, decreased consumption of food and water and hemorrhages and hematomas in the tail were observed in the rats.
Under the test conditions, the acute oral LD50 of the test material in Sprague-Dawley rats was calculated to be 1,100 mg/kg (equivalent to 528 mg of Zn/kg).
Reference
Table 1. Severity of physical and clinical signs in rats after zinc intoxication in a single dose
|
Number of days after zinc administration |
|||
1 |
2-3 |
4-7 |
8-14 |
|
Mortality rates on oral administration |
90% |
10% |
0% |
0% |
Miosis |
+ |
++ |
++ |
+ |
Conjunctivitis |
+ |
++ |
+ |
None |
Erythema, necrosis in nose |
None |
++ |
++ |
++ |
Exophthalmos |
None |
None |
None |
None |
Degreased food and water consumption, weight loss |
None |
+ |
+ |
None |
Hemorrhages and hematomas in the tail |
None |
++ |
++ |
+ |
Mortality rates and physical and observational examination of rats are average for all zinc compounds.
+Light; ++Moderate
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Value:
- 1 100 mg/kg bw
Acute toxicity: via inhalation route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: inhalation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- Not reported
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for 10 min to the test material followed by observations of clinical signs and mortality. After 7 d observation time animals were anesthetized and lungs were examined.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Test type:
- other: Acute Inhalation Toxicity
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: ALAB, Sollentuna, Sweden
- Age at study initiation: 60-80 d
- Weight at study initiation: 200-250 g
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 22-23 °C
- Humidity (%): 50-60 %
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: aerosol
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- head only
- Vehicle:
- other: water
- Details on inhalation exposure:
- GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- Exposure apparatus: Inhalation chamber operated in dynamic mode
- Exposure chamber volume: 8.4L
- Method of holding animals in test chamber: Perspex cylinders
- System of generating particulates/aerosols: Generated from a solution of test material in water (3.7 and 10.3 M with specific gravity 1.3 and 7.1 g/mL) by means of Collision nebulizer
- Method of particle size determination: Cascade impactors of the Battelle type (Mitchell and Pilcher 1959) using a sampling flow of 1L/min
TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Brief description of analytical method used: Particles collected on membrane filters (Millipore, AAWP, pore size 0.45 µm), filters extracted in 4 M HNO3, extract analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometer (air-acetylene flame, 213.9 nm)
- Samples taken from breathing zone: Yes
TEST ATMOSPHERE (if not tabulated)
- Particle size distribution: Non-uniform
- MMAD (Mass median aerodynamic diameter) / GSD (Geometric st. dev.): 2.3 and 2.6 µm
- Analytical verification of test atmosphere concentrations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- flame atomic absorption spectrometer (air-acetylene flame, 213.9 nm)
- Duration of exposure:
- 10 min
- Concentrations:
- 600, 940, 1220 and 1950 mg Zn/m3 (molar ratio of Zn: ZnCl2 is 1:2.1)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Three
- Control animals:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 7 d
- Necropsy of survivors performed: Yes
- Other examinations performed: Clinical signs, mortality, gross pathology and histopathology - Statistics:
- Not reported
- Preliminary study:
- Not applicable
- Sex:
- female
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect level:
- <= 1 975 mg/m³ air (analytical)
- Exp. duration:
- 10 min
- Mortality:
- Two animals died at 940 and 1,220 mg/m3 while all animals died at highest dose of 1,950 mg/m3. For details see ‘table 1’
- Clinical signs:
- other: Respiratory distress including dyspnoea, decreased locomotor activity, laboured breathing, rhonci and rales observed.
- Body weight:
- Not reported
- Gross pathology:
- Entire surface of lungs showed discolouration (dark red), varying degrees of congestion, patchy discolouration, oedema and interstitial emphysema
- Other findings:
- - Histopathology: Atelectasis, hyperaemia and haemorrhages and oedema observed
- Potential target organs: Lungs - Interpretation of results:
- harmful
- Remarks:
- Migrated information Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- Based on these results, the acute inhalation LD50 of the test material was calculated to be approximately 2,000 mg ZnCl2/m3 in rats.
- Executive summary:
A study was conducted in Sprague-Dawley female rats to determine pulmonary injury after acute inhalation exposure to the test material.
Animals were exposed to the test material at a concentration of 600, 940, 1,220 and 1,950 mg Zn/m3 (molar ratio of Zn: ZnCl2 is 1:2.1) for 10 min. Animals showed respiratory distress. Clinical examination of lung showed discolouration (dark red), varying degrees of congestion, patchy discolouration, oedema and interstitial emphysema, atelectasis, hyperaemia and haemorrhages.
Based on the above results, the acute inhalation LD50 of the test material was calculated to be approximately 2,000 mg ZnCl2/m3 in rats.
Reference
Table 1: Acute inhalation toxicity of test material in rats
Concentration (mg Zn/m3)* | Mortality after exposure during 10 min (number of deaths/exposed) |
600 | 0/3 |
940 | 2/3 |
1,220 | 2/3 |
1,950 | 3/3 |
* The molar ratio of Zn: ZnCl2 is 1:2.1
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Value:
- 1 975 mg/m³ air
Acute toxicity: via dermal route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: dermal
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- Used in EU risk assessment report for zinc sulphate
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 402 (Acute Dermal Toxicity)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Limit test:
- yes
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male/female
- Type of coverage:
- semiocclusive
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Duration of exposure:
- 24 hours
- Doses:
- 2000 mg/kg bw
- Details on study design:
- observation period of 15 days
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 2 000 mg/kg bw
- Mortality:
- none
- Clinical signs:
- other: no effects
- Gross pathology:
- no effects
- Interpretation of results:
- GHS criteria not met
- Conclusions:
- LD50 dermal is >2000 mg/kg bwZinc sulphate is not harmful or toxic via the dermal route
- Executive summary:
In this study zinc sulphate heptahydrate was administered to the skin of five Wistar rats of each sex at 2000 mg/kg bw for 24 hours. Animals were observed for 15 days. Clinical signs of toxicity consisted of erythema (grade 1 and 2, of maximum grade 4), scales and/or scabs (scale 1 and 2, of maximum scale 3) in the treated skin area between observation days 2-8.
Zinc sulphate is not harmful or toxic via the dermal route.
Reference
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Value:
- 2 000 mg/kg bw
Additional information
Justification for classification or non-classification
Soluble zinc chloride is harmful following acute oral exposure (LD50 range 1,100 to 1,260 mg/kg bw) and is classified as harmful if swallowed (Acute Tox. Cat. 4: H302) according to EC criteria.
Zinc chloride has also demonstrated acute toxicity via the inhalation route (LC50 ≤ 1,975 mg/m3). However, since the exposure of the animals to the size of the particles is not truly representative of exposure to humans under normal conditions, it is difficult to assess whether or not, zinc chloride is acutely toxic since a four hour LC50 value could not be derived and a clear dose-response relationhip coud not be established.
Zinc chloride is based on read-across data of very low acute dermal toxicity not requiring a classification according to EC criteria.
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