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EC number: 241-234-5 | CAS number: 17194-00-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
The acute oral LD50 of the substance in the rat is reported to be 333 mg/kg bw (Müller, 1983); no data are available for acute dermal or inhalation toxicity however waiver are appropriate for these endpoints due to the corrosive nature of the substance.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Acute toxicity: via oral route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- March/April 1983
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- GLP-compliant guideline study with the following deviations: - According to the guideline, healthy young adults should be used. The age of the rats was missing in this report. - The analytical purity of the test substance is not indicated in the report.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 401 (Acute Oral Toxicity)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Dr. A. Ivanovas, 7964 Kisslegg/Allgäu
- Age at study initiation: Not reported
- Weight at study initiation: Males: 105-130 g; Females: 95-130 g
- Housing: Group housing of five animals per sex per cage in labelled Makrolon cages (type III) containing sawdust bedding material (Fa. Brandenburg, 2849 Goldenstedt-Arkeburg).
- Diet (ad libitum except overnight prior to and approx. 4 hours after dosing): Pelleted rodent diet (Ssniff R10 pellets, Ssniff Versuchstierdiäten, 4770 Soest/Westf.
- Water (ad libitum): Tap water
- Acclimation period: 5 days before start of treatment
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Animals were housed in a controlled environment.
- Temperature: ca. 20°C
- Relative humidity: 40 - 60 %
- Air changes: Approx. 10 air changes per hour
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12 - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose)
- Details on oral exposure:
- VEHICLE
- Concentration in vehicle: 1%
MAXIMUM DOSE VOLUME APPLIED: 5.0 ml/kg
The control animals received the vehicle alone. - Doses:
- Control (group I), 261 mg/kg (group II), 316 mg/kg (group III), 383 mg/kg (group IV), 464 mg/kg (group V), 562 mg/kg (group VI), 681 mg/kg (group VII)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5 male / 5 female
- Control animals:
- yes
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days
- Frequency of observations and weighing: On the day of dosing animals were observed for signs of reaction to treatment at frequent intervals. On subsequent days animals were observed at leaste once daily. Individual bodyweights were recorded on the day of dosing and on days 8 and 15.
- Necropsy of survivors performed: yes
- Other examinations performed: clinical signs, body weight - Statistics:
- The acute oral median lethal dose (LD50) based on the mortality rate (x/n) during 14 days after dosing was calculated using the method of Finney, I.J. (1971) Probit Analysis (3rd edition) Cambridge University Press.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- 333 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- 95% CL:
- > 188 - < 417
- Mortality:
- Number of dead males per dose:
Control: 0/5
261 mg/kg: 0/5
316 mg/kg: 4/5 (within 6 hours after dosing)
383 mg/kg: 3/5 (within 24 hours after dosing)
464 mg/kg: 4/5 (within 24 hours after dosing)
562 mg/kg: 5/5 (within 6 hours after dosing)
681 mg/kg: 5/5 (within 6 hours after dosing)
Number of dead females per dose:
Control: 0/5
261 mg/kg: 0/5
316 mg/kg: 4/5 (within 6 hours after dosing)
383 mg/kg: 3/5 (within 24 hours after dosing)
464 mg/kg: 4/5 (within 6 hours after dosing)
562 mg/kg: 5/5 (within 24 hours after dosing)
681 mg/kg: 5/5 (within 6 hours after dosing) - Clinical signs:
- other: Slight pilo-erection and hunched posture was observed in the control animals on the day of dosing. Clinical signs observed in rats treated with barium hydroxide included pilo-erection, hunched posture, pallor of extremities, abnormal gait (waddling), incr
- Gross pathology:
- Autopsy mainly revealed congestion of liver and spleen. Congestion and haemorrhaging was seen in the mucous membrane of the stomach.
- Interpretation of results:
- Category 4 based on GHS criteria
- Conclusions:
- An LD50 of 333 mg/kg bw has been calculated for males/females for barium hydroxide. No difference in sensitivity was observed between males and females. According to the test result the substance has to be classified as harmful if swallowed (H302).
- Executive summary:
In a GLP compliant acute oral toxicity study, performed according to OECD guideline 401, the test item Barium hydroxide was administered to groups of 5 male and 5 female Sprague Dawley rats at dose levels of 261, 316, 383, 464, 562 and 681 mg/kg body weight. Mortalities occurred within 24 hours after dosing. No difference in sensitivity was observed between males and females. Signs of reaction to treatment included pilo-erection, hunched posture, pallor of extremities, abnormal gait (waddling), increased or decreased respiratory rate, gasping or laboured respiration, diarrhoea, decreased motility, loss of righting reflex, muscular spasms and loss of coordination. Complete recovery was evident in surviving animals by day 4 as judged by external appearance and behaviour. Autopsy mainly revealed congestion of liver and spleen. Congestion and haemorrhaging in the mucous membrane of the stomach was also observed. Body weight gain was poor in the surviving animals of the 316, 383 and 464 mg/kg groups.
In conclusion, the LD50 of Barium hydroxide is calculated to be 333 mg/kg body weight by oral route in the rat.
Reference
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Value:
- 333 mg/kg bw
Acute toxicity: via inhalation route
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Acute toxicity: via dermal route
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
Acute oral toxicity
The acute oral LD50 of the substance in the rat is reported to be 333 mg/kg bw (Müller, 1983).
Acute dermal toxicity
According to regulation (EC) 1907/2009 Annex VIII column 2 the study should only be conducted if inhalation of the substance is unlikely, skin contact in production and/use is likely and the phys-chem. and toxicological properties suggest potential for a significant rate of absorption through the skin. Barium hydroxide is not used in consumer products and due to the fact that the substance is classified as corrosive (pH 13; 10% solution) the worker has to use sufficient gloves (see “guidance on safe use”). However, since skin contact is unlikely and therefore absorption through skin is only possible in case of an accident no acute dermal toxicity study was conducted.
Acute inhalation toxicity
According to regulation (EC) 1907/2009 Annex VIII column 2 no study on acute toxicity via inhalation should be conducted due to the corrosive properties of the substance (pH 13; 10 % solution). As a worst case assumption the substance has to be classified as “corrosive to the respiratory tract” (EUH071).
Justification for classification or non-classification
In a reliable GLP study performed to OECD Guideline 401, the acute oral LD50 of barium hydroxide was 333 mg/kg bw and therefore it was concluded that barium hydroxide requires a classification and labelling as "acute tox 4"; H302 (harmful if swallowed) according to GHS. According to regulation (EC) 1907/2009 Annex VIII column 2 no study on acute toxicity via inhalation should be conducted due to the corrosive properties of the substance (pH 13; 10 % solution). As a worst case assumption the substance has to be labelled as “corrosive to the respiratory tract” (EUH071).
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