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EC number: 936-897-9 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2013-10-22 to 2013-10-24
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: GLP guideline study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 014
- Report date:
- 2014
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Version / remarks:
- adopted 2004-04-13
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.2 (Acute Toxicity for Daphnia)
- Version / remarks:
- adopted 2008
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: OECD Series on testing and assessment, Number 29. Guidance document on transformation/dissolution of metals and metal compounds in aqueous media. ENV/JM/MONO (2001)9, 23-July 2001.
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- signed 2011-02-07
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- dichromium(3+) diiron(3+) lambda2-iron(2+) trizinc(2+) octaoxidandiide silicate
- EC Number:
- 936-897-9
- Cas Number:
- 1373399-58-6
- Molecular formula:
- (Zn, Fe)(Fe, Cr)2O4-Zn2SiO4
- IUPAC Name:
- dichromium(3+) diiron(3+) lambda2-iron(2+) trizinc(2+) octaoxidandiide silicate
- Test material form:
- solid: particulate/powder
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Reaction mass of willemite, white and zinc iron chromite brown spinel
- Substance type: inorganic pigment
- Physical state: solid, light brown powder, odourless
- Storage condition of test material: store separate from food and drinks, dry in closed containers and protected places. Keep containers air-tight.
- Relative density: 4.58
Constituent 1
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Sampling method / Sample storage conditions before analysis:
The concentration of the test item was assessed by chemical analysis of aluminium, chromium, iron and zinc at the start and the end of the test. Dissolved aluminium, chromium, iron and zinc concentrations were measured in all test solutions sampled at the beginning of the test prior to addition of the daphnids and in pooled samples from each treatment level after 48 hours of exposure.
Duplicate samples of approximately 20 mL were taken. The solutions were examined for soapy bubbles or particles floating on the surface. The samples were filtered (0.2 μm polyether-sulphone membrane syringe filter) at room temperature (20 - 25°C). The solutions were then transferred into disposable polyethylene vials (Scintillation vials), acidified with HNO3 (final concentration 1 – 3 % HNO3), and stored at 4°C until further analysis.
The concentrations of dissolved aluminium, chromium, iron and zinc were determined by ICP-OES (depending on concentrations and potential interferences). The results were assured by recovery experiments and analysis of certified reference materials.
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method:
Since the test item is a multi-component substance and of low water solubility, toxicity was determined using water accommodated fractions (WAFs). The WAFs for the various test concentrations were prepared individually in accordance with the OECD guidance document on transformation/dissolution of metals and metal compounds in aqueous media No. 29 (2001)*.
Appropriate amounts of reaction mass of willemite, white and zinc iron chromite brown spinel were transferred into glass flasks and were brought to the volume of 0.5 L with dilution water to obtain the nominal loadings.
The contents of the bottles were shaken at 100 rpm for 7 days at room temperature (21 ± 1.5°C). After this time the insoluble part of solutions was separated from the aqueous phase by filtration through a 0.2 μm filter (Polyether sulfone, PES). The filtrated WAF solutions were subsequently used as test media in the acute toxicity test.
- Controls: a control consisting of dilution water only was used as the negative control treatment.
*Reference:
- OECD Series on testing and assessment, Number 29. Guidance document on transformation/dissolution of metals and metal compounds in aqueous media. ENV/JM/MONO (2001)9, 23-July 2001.
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Species: Daphnia magna (Branchiopoda, Daphniidae); Clone V
- Source: German Federal Environment Agency, Location Berlin-Marienfelde, Ecotoxicology Lab., 12307 Berlin, Germany
- Age: 4-24 hours old (juvenile)
- Method of holding: batches of 30 to 50 D. magna were held at room temperature in approximately 1.8 L of dilution water. The water was changed once per week. Newborn D. magna were separated by sieving, the first generation was discarded. Individuals applied in the test were transferred from this culture with a bore Pasteur pipette a few hours after sieving from the population to ensure selection of healthy specimens.
- Type and amount of food: daphnids were fed with an algal suspension (Desmodesmus subspicatus) and Artemio® Fluid (JBL, Germany). Algae growing in the log-phase were centrifuged and the pellet was re-suspended with Artemio® Fluid. Of this suspension, 30 mL were given to 1 L of D. magna medium.
- Feeding frequency: daily
The daphnids were not fed during the test.
Study design
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- total hardness (dilution and holding water): 1.1 mmol/L
- Test temperature:
- Control vessels / Test vessels:
- test start: 20.8°C
- at test end: 20.7°C - pH:
- Control vessels:
- test start: 8.46
- at test end: 8.62
Test vessels:
- test start: 8.36 - 8.50
- at test end: 8.48 - 8.58 - Dissolved oxygen:
- Control vessels:
- test start: 8.1 mg O2/L
- at test end: 8.6 O2/L
Test vessels
- test start: 7.8 - 8.2 mg O2/L
- at test end: 8.6 - 8.9 mg O2/L - Salinity:
- not applicable
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentration: 1.0, 10.0, 32.0, 100 and 320 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 60 mL glass beakers; all replicates per test concentration were held in a rack and the position of the racks was randomised in the incubator.
Approximately 50 mL of each test medium was added to each replicate test vessel followed by five D. magna less than 24 h old.
- Aeration: test vessels were not aerated during the test.
- Renewal of test media: no
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5 daphnids
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates):
- Biomass loading rate:
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: dechlorinated local tap water was used in accordance with the OECD guideline 202 (2004). The tap water was sourced from the Schmallenberg district water production plants, mostly fed by small springs and percolation. The purification process occurs on site at the laboratory and included filtration with activated charcoal, passage through a lime-stone column, and aeration to the point of oxygen saturation. To avoid copper contamination, plastic water pipes were used in the test facilities.
All water quality measurements were considered to be within the specifications recommended in the OECD 202 guideline (2004).
Physical properties of the dilution and holding water used in the test:
- Conductivity: 238.6 µS/cm
- pH: 8.3
- dissolved oxygen: 104%
- nitrate: 1.3 mg/L
- nitrite: <0.005 mg/L*
- ammonium: <0.010 mg/L*
- phosphate: <0.100 mg/L*
- total hardness: 1.1 mmol/L
- alkalinity: 1.8 mmol/L
- calcium: 0.8 mmol/L
- magnesium: 0.3 mmol/L
- NPOC: 0.336 mg/L
- chromium: <0.309 µg/L
- cadmium: < 0.286 µg/L*
- copper: < 1.83 µg/L*
- iron: < 2.20 µg/L*
- manganese: < 0.567 µg/L*
- nickel: < 0.882 µg/L*
- lead: < 2.61 µg/L*
- zinc: < 2.80 µg/L*
- total residual chlorine: < 0.02 mg/L*
* < LOD: value below the respective limit of detection
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16 hours light/8 hours dark
- Light intensity: 684 lux at test start and 655 lux at test end
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED:
- number of immobile daphnids (did not swim 15 seconds after perturbation) in each treatment was visually determined daily and any immobile daphnids were removed.
- any abnormalities in appearance and behaviour were also recorded.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Range finding study
A non-GLP range-finding test was performed prior to the definitive test with WAF loadings of reaction mass of willemite, white and zinc iron chromite brown spinel of 1, 10, and 100 mg/L, without chemical analysis. At the highest WAF loading of 100 mg/L, a 40 % immobilization was observed after 48 hours. No effects were observed during the test at loadings of 1 and 10 mg/L. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- potassium dichromate
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL10
- Effect conc.:
- 105 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- estimated
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- water accommodated fraction after 7 days
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- other: EL20
- Effect conc.:
- 321 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- estimated
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- water accommodated fraction after 7 days
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- other: NOEL
- Effect conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- water accommodated fraction at 100 mg/L after 7 days
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL10
- Effect conc.:
- 11.3 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- estimated
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- water accommodated fraction after 7 days
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- other: EL20
- Effect conc.:
- 28.1 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- estimated
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- water accommodated fraction after 7 days
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- 160 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- estimated
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- water accommodated fraction after 7 days
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- other: NOEL
- Effect conc.:
- 32 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- water accommodated fraction at 32 mg/L after 7 days
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Details on results:
- - Behavioural abnormalities/Mortality/Clinical signs:
24 hours:
- immobolisation of daphnids at the WAF loading of 320 mg/L amounted to 25 % and was significantly different from control immobilsation.
- one daphnia was found to be immobile at WAF loadings of 10 and 100 mg/L, respectively, however this effect was not statistically significant.
48 hours:
- WAF loadings of 100 mg/L and at 320 mg/L of reaction mass of willemite, white and zinc iron chromite brown spindle resulted in an immobilisation of daphnids of 65 % and 60 %, respectively.
There were not any signs of disease or stress, e.g. discolouration or abnormal behaviour, observed in any replicate during the test. All surviving specimens appeared normal. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- The nominal 24-h EC50 is 1.19 mg/L (November 2013) and thus in the range of 0.6 - 2.1 mg/L as set in the ISO standard 6341.2012 (Anonymous, 2012)*.
* Reference:
Water quality - Determination of the inhibition of the mobility of Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea) - Acute toxicity test (ISO 6341.2012). - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The endpoint of the test was immobilisation, evaluated quantitatively by ELx, NOEL, and LOEL determination. The NOEL and LOEL were calculated by ANOVA followed by parametric pairwise comparisons of the treatments to the control using a Fishers Exact test with Bonferroni correction (OECD, 2006)*. Probit analysis was performed for the estimate of the EL50 and dose-response curve, assuming log-normal distribution of the values, when 50% immobilisation for treatments compared to the control was observed. The size of the effect detectable is reported. The computer software ToxRat® Professional was used for statistical evaluations (ToxRat® Professional 2.10)*.
*References:
- OECD (2006). OECD current approaches in the statistical analysis of ecotoxicity data: a guidance to application. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development, Paris.
- ToxRat® Professional 2.10. ToxRat® Solutions GmbH. Dr. Monika M. Ratte, Naheweg 15, 52477 Alsdorf, Germany.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Validity of the test:
All validity criteria according to the OECD Guideline 202 (2004) were met as the immobilisation of the control group was 0% and the dissolved oxygen concentration was >3 mg O2/L in control and test vessels during the test. Therefore, the test is valid.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- For the water accommodated fractions of reaction mass of willemite, white and zinc iron chromite brown spindle a NOEL of 32 mg/L (WAF loading) and an EL50 of 160 mg/L (WAF loading) for the immobilisation of daphnids after 48 hours were determined. All concentrations are based on WAF loadings.
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