Benzotriazole

Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Endpoint:

long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: OECD guideline study; restricted by missing test with reference substance and minor reporting deficiencies as well as non-GLP status

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 211 (Daphnia magna Reproduction Test)

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

other aquatic crustacea: Daphnia galeata

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: water flea
- Strain/clone:
- Justification for species other than prescribed by test guideline:
- Source: in-house culture (University Frankfur/Main)
- Age of parental stock (mean and range, SD): < 24 h
- Feeding during test
- Food type: green algae
- Amount: 0.2 mg/C day
- Frequency:

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period:
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not):
- Type and amount of food:
- Feeding frequency:
- Health during acclimation (any mortality observed):

QUARANTINE (wild caught)
- Duration:
- Health/mortality:

METHOD FOR PREPARATION AND COLLECTION OF EARLY INSTARS OR OTHER LIFE STAGES:

Test type:

semi-static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

21 d

Test temperature:

20 ± 1 °C

pH:

7.34 ± 0.32

Dissolved oxygen:

> 3.0 mg/L

Nominal and measured concentrations:

nominal: control, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/L

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 100 mL beaker
- Type (delete if not applicable): open / closed
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: glass, 50 ml test medium
- Aeration:
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter):
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): twice per week
- No. of organisms per vessel: 1
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 10
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 20
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): -
- Biomass loading rate:

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: M4 medium according OECD 211
- Total organic carbon:
- Particulate matter:
- Metals:
- Pesticides:
- Chlorine:
- Alkalinity:
- Ca/mg ratio:
- Conductivity:
- Salinity:
- Culture medium different from test medium: no
- Intervals of water quality measurement:

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH:
- Photoperiod: 16/8 light/dark
- Light intensity:

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : reproduction

VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: no

RANGE-FINDING STUDY
- Test concentrations: -
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: -

Reference substance (positive control):

not specified

Key result

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

EC10

Effect conc.:

0.97 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Results with reference substance (positive control):

no data

Reported statistics and error estimates:

D'Agostino, Pearson, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and Barlett's test for check of normality and homogeneity of variance of dataset
significance by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparison test -> normal distribution; or otherwise Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn's posttest
For two samples test: normal distribution: Fisher's exact test for quantal data or unpaired t-test, otherwise: Mann-Whitney test
For determination of effect concentrations: log-transformation and non-linear regression (significance level p< 0.05)

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

Based on observations in the study with 1H-Benzotriazole a long term EC10 of 0.97 mg/L, was found. Although study has not been conducted under GLP, in summary, taking all available information for this endpoint into account the study is considered adequate for regulatory purposes.

Description of key information

Key Value was selected from Seeland et al. publication representing a clearly more sensitive species of daphnids (D. Galeata, non-standard test organism).

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates

Dose descriptor:

EC10

Effect concentration:

0.97 mg/L

Additional information

Three long-term freshwater studies according to OECD guideline 211 with two different daphnid species are available showing an analogue tendency like the short-term studies. The study using D. galeata presents a clearly lower effect concentration compared to the much larger D. magna. Although keeping in mind that this is a non-standard organism the EC10 is selected as a point of departure for the calculation of the PNECs. In just one study with D. magna an effect concentration has been determined (Caspers, 1991). Most likely the absence of observable effects in the second study by Seeland et al. was caused by the selection of a too low concentration range.

In addition, He et al (2019) investigated the effects of 1H-Benzotriazole on marine scallops after 60 days of exposure.