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EC number: 269-103-8 | CAS number: 68187-51-9 This substance is identified in the Colour Index by Colour Index Constitution Number, C.I. 77496.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_ecotoxicological-information.png)
Short-term toxicity to fish
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Justification for type of information:
- see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" and “Endpoint-specific read-across justification for nano forms of iron oxide, 2021” attached in IUCLID section 13.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC0
- Effect conc.:
- >= 50 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- other: LC90
- Effect conc.:
- ca. 100 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Since the test in parts is poorly reported the validity criteria cannot be assessed sufficiently. Nevertheless the test is considered as valid based on the data given.
- Conclusions:
- Within 96 hours no effect (LC0) on Brachydanio rerio was observed up to a concentration of >/= 50000 mg/l.
- Executive summary:
Within 96 hours no effect (LC0) of diiron trioxide on Brachydanio rerio (new name: Danio rerio) was observed up to a concentration of >/= 50000 mg/L, and a 96-hour LC90 of about 100000 mg/L was obtained. The method used was a proposed procedure for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling. (Federal Environmental Agency Germany May 1984).
The study was performed with concentrations of 10000 mg/L, 20000 mg/L, 50000 mg/L and 100000 mg/L in a static test. The report value related to nominal concentrations, as no analytical monitoring was carried out. Effect concentrations were calculated using the probit analysis.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: GLP guideline study
- Justification for type of information:
- see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" and “Endpoint-specific read-across justification for nano forms of iron oxide, 2021” attached in IUCLID section 13.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Directive 92/69/EEC, C.1, equivalent to the OECD 203
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- yes
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- other: LL 0 (= Lethal loading)
- Effect conc.:
- >= 10 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- The mortality in the controls must not exceed 10% by the end of the test. The dissolved oxygen concentration must have been more than 60% of the air-saturation value troughout the study. The pH should not vary by more than 1 unit.
- Conclusions:
- For triiron tetraoxide a 96-hour LL0 (lethal loading) of >/= 10000 mg/L (nominal concentration) was observed on Brachydanio rerio.
- Executive summary:
Directive 92/69/EEC, C.1, equivalent to the OECD 203 was the method used.
A group of 10 fish of the recommended size were exposed to a limit test concentration of nominally 10000 mg/L of test substance dissolved in water. Observations were made on the numbers of dead fish and the incidence of sub-lethal effects after 2, 24, 48, and 96 h of exposure.
For triiron tetraoxide a 96-hour LL0 (lethal loading) of >/= 10000 mg/L (nominal concentration) was observed on Brachydanio rerio.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Justification for type of information:
- see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" and “Endpoint-specific read-across justification for nano forms of iron oxide, 2021” attached in IUCLID section 13.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: other: Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC 0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- yes
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC0
- Effect conc.:
- >= 10 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- other: LC80
- Effect conc.:
- ca. 13 333 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC100
- Effect conc.:
- 20 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Guideline study
- Justification for type of information:
- see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" and “Endpoint-specific read-across justification for nano forms of iron oxide, 2021” attached in IUCLID section 13.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC 0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC0
- Effect conc.:
- >= 100 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Mortality and behaviour
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- Since the test is poorly reported the validity criteria cannot be assessed sufficiently. Nevertheless the test is considered as valid based on the data given.
- Conclusions:
- Mortality and behaviour of Brachydanio rerio were not affected by Bayferrox 303 T black during 96 h testing at a concentration of 100000 mg/L. The fish toxicity of manganese ferrite was determined according the guideline Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h.
- Executive summary:
Groups of ten fish were exposed to a test concentration of 10, 33.3, 50 and 100 g/L of Bayferrox 330 T schwarz. Observations were made on the numbers of dead fish and the incidence of sub-lethal effects after 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure.
Mortality and behaviour of Brachydanio rerio were not affected by Bayferrox 303 T black during 96 h testing at a concentration of 100000 mg/L. The fish toxicity of manganese ferrite was determined according the guideline Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h.
LC0 >/= 100000 mg/L.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Guideline study
- Justification for type of information:
- see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" and “Endpoint-specific read-across justification for nano forms of iron oxide, 2021” attached in IUCLID section 13.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC 0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC0
- Effect conc.:
- >= 10 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Mortality in control < 5%
- Conclusions:
- Within 96 hours no effect (LC0) on Brachydanio rerio was observed up to a concentration of >/= 10000 mg/L. The method used was a proposed procedure for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling (Federal Environmental Agency Germany May 1984).
- Executive summary:
The study was performed to assess the acute toxicity of diiron trioxide to Danio rerio under static conditions. The study was conducted in accordance with the UBA test protocol: Letale Wirkung beim Zebrabaerbling Brachydanio rerio, (LC 0, LC50, LC 100; 48 -96 h) Stand MAi 1984, which is comparable to the OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicaks No. 203 "Fish, Acute Toxicity test".
Groups of ten fish were exposed to a test concentration of 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 g/L diiron trioxide. Observations were made on the numbers of dead fishand the incidence of sublethal effects after 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure. The test was conucted with 10 animals per test concentration and one control. No feeding was performed during the exposure period and the test sytsem was static. Up to 96 h the value for LC0 was >/= 10 g/L.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Guideline study
- Justification for type of information:
- see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" and “Endpoint-specific read-across justification for nano forms of iron oxide, 2021” attached in IUCLID section 13.
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 203 (Fish, Acute Toxicity Test)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: other: Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC 0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC0
- Effect conc.:
- >= 100 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- Since the test is poorly reported the validity criteria cannot be assessed sufficiently. Nevertheless the test is considered as valid based on the data given.
- Conclusions:
- For iron hydroxide oxide within 96 hours no effect (LC0) on Brachydanio rerio was observed up to a concentration of 100000 mg/l.
- Executive summary:
For iron hydroxide oxide within 96 hours no effect (LC0) on Brachydanio rerio was observed up to a concentration of 100000 mg/L. The method used was a proposed procedure for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling. (Federal Environmental Agency Germany May 1984), (Bayer AG 1989).
A group of 10 fish of the recommended size were exposed to a static test conditions of nominal concentartions of 10000, 20000, 50000, and 100000 mg/L of test substance dissolved in water. Observations were made on the numbers of dead fish and the incidence of sub-lethal effects after 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Guideline study with accepted scientific principles
- Justification for type of information:
- see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" and “Endpoint-specific read-across justification for nano forms of iron oxide, 2021” attached in IUCLID section 13.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC0
- Effect conc.:
- >= 100 000 mg/L
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- Since the test is poorly reported the validity criteria cannot be assessed sufficiently. Nevertheless the test is considered as valid based on the data given.
- Conclusions:
- On Brachydanio rerio (new name: Danio rerio) a 96 -hour LC0 was observed at a concentration of >/= 100000 mg/L. The fish toxicity of zinc ferrite was determined according the guideline Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h.
- Executive summary:
LC0 >/= 100000 mg/L.
Groups of ten fish were xeposed to a test concentration of 10, 33.3, 50 and 100 g/L of zinc ferrite. Observations were made on the numbers of dead fish and the incidence of sub-lethal effects after 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure. The concentrations mentioned are nominal. No analytical monitoring was performed.
On Brachydanio rerio (new name: Danio rerio) a 96 -hour LC0 was observed at a concentration of >/= 100000 mg/L. The fish toxicity of zinc ferrite was determined according the guideline Proposed procedure by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling, (May 1984), LC0, LC50, LC100, 48-96h.
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
Applying read-across to micro- and nano-sized iron (hydr)oxides (see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" in section 13), micro-sized iron (hydr)oxides are not considered acutely toxic to fish. Respective 96-h LC50 values for the toxicity of micro- and nano-sized iron (hydr)oxides to Danio rerio range from > 10,000 mg/L to > 100,000 mg/L, a concentration that is 1000-fold above the corresponding OECD test limit.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
For micro- and nano-sized iron (hydr)oxides, seven reliable studies on short-term toxicity to fish are available. No acute toxicity was observed in fish exposed to micro- and nano-sized iron (hydr)oxide forms, and unbounded 96 h LC50 values of > 10 g/L were derived.
An unbounded 96 h LC50 value of > 50 g/L (nominal) was reported for the toxicity of micro-sized diiron trioxide to Brachydanio rerio (new name: Danio rerio) as no effects (LC0) were observed up to a concentration of >= 50 g/L, and a 96 h LC90 of about 100 g/L was obtained (Bruns, 1989). The method used was a proposed procedure for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling (Federal Environmental Agency Germany, May 1984).
In two reliable studies investigating the acute toxicity of micro-sized triiron tetraoxide to Danio rerio (Caspers, 2000; Bayer AG, 1989), unbounded 96 h LC50 values of > 10 g/L (nominal) were derived as no effects (LC0) were observed up to a concentration of 10 g/L.
Further, an unbounded 96 h LC50 of > 100 g/L (nominal) was derived for micro-sized zinc ferrite brown spinel (Weyers, 1989) in an acute toxicity test with Danio rerio following a proposed procedure for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling (Federal Environmental Agency Germany, May 1984). An unbounded 96 h LC50 of > 100 g/L was also derived for micro-sized manganese ferrite black spinel in a reliable study (Weyers, 1989) following the same procedure.
Acute toxicity of iron (hydr)oxide nanoforms was investigated in two reliable studies using nano-sized diiron trioxide (Weyers, 1985) and iron hydroxide oxide yellow (Weyers & Caspers, 1989). Acute toxicity of nano-alpha diiron trioxide was investigated under static conditions in accordance with the proposed procedure for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling (Federal Environmental Agency Germany, May 1984) and an unbounded 96 h LC50 of > 10 g/L (nominal) was derived. For nano-alpha iron hydroxide oxide yellow within 96 hours no effects (LC0) on Danio rerio were observed up to a concentration of 100 g/L. The method used was a proposed procedure for lethal effect on Zebrabaerbling (Federal Environmental Agency Germany, May 1984).
Based on read-across to micro- and nano-sized iron (hydr)oxides (see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" in section 13), available data indicate a low potential for acute aquatic toxicity of iron (hydr)oxides to fish (see table below). Acute toxicity of micro- and nano-sized iron (hydr)oxides to fish was not observed up to 100 g/L (Weyers, 1989; Weyers & Caspers, 1989), a concentration that is 1000-fold above the corresponding OECD test limit for acute toxicity.
Table: Acute aquatic toxicity of iron (hydr)oxides to fish.
Endpoint |
Test species |
Test results |
Test material/form |
Reliability: Reference |
Short-term toxicity to fish |
Danio rerio |
LC50 (96h): > 50 g/L nominal LC0 (96h): >= 50 g/L nominal |
diiron trioxide / powder |
RL2: Bruns, 1989 |
. |
Danio rerio |
LC50 (96h): > 10 g/L nominal LC0 (96h): >= 10 g/L nominal |
triiron tetraoxide / powder |
RL2: Caspers, 2000 |
. |
Danio rerio |
LC50 (96h): > 10 g/L nominal LC0 (96h): >= 10 g/L nominal |
triiron tetraoxide /powder |
RL2:Bayer AG, 1989 |
. |
Danio rerio |
LC50 (96h): > 100 g/L nominal LC0 (96h): >= 100 g/L nominal |
zinc ferrite brown spinel / powder |
RL2: Weyers, 1989 |
. |
Danio rerio |
LC50 (96h): > 100 g/L nominal LC0 (96h): >= 100 g/L nominal |
manganese ferrite black spinel / powder |
RL2: Weyers, 1989 |
. |
Danio rerio |
LC50 (96h): > 10 g/L nominal LC0 (96h): >= 10 g/L nominal |
diiron trioxide / nano, alpha |
RL2: Weyers, 1985 |
. |
Danio rerio |
LC50 (96h): > 100 g/L nominal LC0 (96h): >= 100 g/L nominal |
iron hydroxide oxide yellow / nano, alpha |
RL2: Weyers & Caspers, 1989 |
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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