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EC number: 700-464-0 | CAS number: 99591-74-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Repeated dose toxicity: oral
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
- Remarks:
- combined repeated dose and reproduction / developmental screening
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- aug-nov 2011
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: The study was performed according to OECD and EU guidelines and according to GLP principles.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 012
- Report date:
- 2012
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: OPPTS 870.3650, Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: OPPTS 870.3550, Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: OECD Guideline 421, Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.7 (Repeated Dose (28 Days) Toxicity (Oral))
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 1,5,2,4-dioxadithiane 2,2,4,4-tetraoxide
- EC Number:
- 700-464-0
- Cas Number:
- 99591-74-9
- Molecular formula:
- C2H4O6S2
- IUPAC Name:
- 1,5,2,4-dioxadithiane 2,2,4,4-tetraoxide
- Reference substance name:
- MMDS
- IUPAC Name:
- MMDS
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): MMDS
- Substance type: powder
- Physical state: solid
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: Crl:WI(Han) (outbred, SPF-Quality)
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Deutschland, Sulzfeld, Germany
- Age at study initiation: Approximately 11 weeks
- Housing: Pre-mating: Animals were housed in groups of 5 animals/sex/cage in Macrolon plastic cages; Mating: Females were caged together with males on a one-to-one-basis in Macrolon plastic cages; Post-mating: Males were housed in their home cage (Macrolon plastic cages) with a maximum of 5 animals/cage. Females were individually housed in Macrolon plastic cages; Lactation: Pups were kept with the dam until termination in Macrolon plastic cages.
- Diet: Free access to pelleted rodent diet (SM R/M-Z from SSNIFF® Spezialdiäten GmbH, Soest, Germany). General: Sterilized sawdust as bedding material (Litalabo, S.P.P.S., Argenteuil, France) and paper as cage-enrichment/nesting material (Enviro-dri, Wm. Lillico & Son (Wonham Mill Ltd), Surrey, United Kingdom) were supplied.
- Water: Free access to tap-water.
- Acclimation period: At least 5 days prior to start of treatment.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 21 ± 3°C (actual range: 19.7 – 21.5°C)
- Humidity (%): a relative humidity of 40 - 70% (actual range: 44 - 77%)
- Air changes (per hr): 15
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12
IN-LIFE DATES: From: 03 October 2011 To: 25 November 2011
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Remarks:
- specific gravity 0.92 (Sigma-Aldrich Steinheim Germany).
- Details on oral exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
Dose volume: 2 mL/kg body weight. Actual dose volumes were calculated according to the latest body weight.
The test substance and the formulation were handled as much as possible under nitrogen using a glove box. Formulations of Groups 2-4 (w/w) were prepared within 15 minutes prior to dosing and were homogenized to a visually acceptable level. Adjustment was made for specific gravity of the vehicle
VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): Based on trial formulations performed at NOTOX and on information provided by the sponsor. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Preparation of formulations was considered acceptable if the mean accuracy was in the range
85-115% of the target concentration and if the coefficient of variation was ≤ 10%.
In the Group 1 formulations, no test substance was detected. The concentrations analysed in the formulations of Group 2 and Group 4 were in agreement with target concentrations (i.e. mean accuracies between 85% and 115%). The concentrations analysed in the formulations of Group 3 were at 77% and 82% of the target concentration. This is slightly outside the criterion of 85 - 115% but still considered acceptable for this difficult to analyse substance.
The formulations of Group 2 and Group 4 were homogeneous (i.e. coefficient of variation ≤ 10%).
For details on the analytical method see section 8. - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Males were exposed for 29 days, i.e. 2 weeks prior to mating, during mating, and up to the day prior to scheduled necropsy. Females were exposed for 43 to 53 days, i.e. during 2 weeks prior to mating, during mating, during post-coitum, and during at least 4 days of lactation (up to the day prior to scheduled necropsy). Females 44, 48 (Group 1) and 70 (Group 3) were not dosed during littering.
- Frequency of treatment:
- Once daily for 7 days per week, approximately the same time each day with a maximum of 6 hours difference between the earliest and latest dose. Animals were dosed up to the day prior to scheduled necropsy.
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
10, 40, 200 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
actual ingested
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: Dose levels were based on results of a 10-day dose range finding study (NOTOX Project 497701)
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: at least twice daily
- Cage side observations were included.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: at least once daily 2 hours after dosing.
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: males and females were weighed on the first day of exposure and weekly thereafter. Mated females were weighed on Days 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 17 and 20 post-coitum and during lactation on Days 1 and 4.
FOOD CONSUMPTION:
- Yes, weekly, except for males and females which were housed together for mating and for females without evidence of mating. Food consumption of mated females was measured on Days 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 17 and 20 post-coitum and on Days 1 and 4 of lactation.
WATER CONSUMPTION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Subjective appraisal was maintained during the study, but no quantitative investigation was introduced as no treatment related effect was suspected.
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Yes, as part of FOB
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: prior to scheduled post mortem examination
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes (isoflurane)
- Animals fasted: Yes
- How many animals: 5/sex/group
- Parameters checked: according to guideline
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: prior to scheduled post mortem examination
- Animals fasted: Yes
- How many animals: 5/sex/group
- Parameters checked: according to guideline
URINALYSIS: No
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: The selected males were tested during Week 4 of treatment and the selected females were tested towards the end of the scheduled lactation period (all before blood sampling).
- Dose groups that were examined: 5 animals/sex/group
- Battery of functions tested: - hearing ability; - pupillary reflex; - static righting reflex; - grip strength; - locomotor activity - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes - Statistics:
- The following statistical methods were used to analyze the data:
- If the variables could be assumed to follow a normal distribution, the Dunnett-test (Ref. 1; many-to-one t-test) based on a pooled variance estimate was applied for the comparison of the treated groups and the control groups for each sex.
- The Steel-test (Ref. 2; many-to-one rank test) was applied if the data could not be assumed to follow a normal distribution.
- The Fisher Exact-test (Ref. 3) was applied to frequency data.
The following additional methods of statistical analysis were used:
Motor activity data was subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric ANOVA test (Ref. 4) to determine intergroup differences followed by the Wilcoxon test (Ref. 5) to compare the treated groups to the control group.
All tests were two-sided and in all cases p < 0.05 was accepted as the lowest level of significance.
Group means were calculated for continuous data and medians were calculated for discrete data (scores) in the summary tables. Test statistics were calculated on the basis of exact values for means and pooled variances. Individual values, means and standard deviations may have been rounded off before printing. Therefore, two groups may display the same printed means for a given parameter, yet display different test statistics values.
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- 3 high dose females died/were killed in extermis
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence):
- 3 high dose females died/were killed in extermis
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- high dose males during the complete treatment period
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- slightly reduced food intake males during pre-mating phase
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not specified
- Ophthalmological findings:
- no effects observed
- Haematological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- high dose males and females showed increased platelet counts
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- high dose animals showed changes in several parameter; in teh mid dose, potassium levels were increased in females
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- no effects observed
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- several slight organ weight changes were noted at 200 mg/kg bw
- Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- treatment-related findings in the stomach and mesenteric lymph nodes
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- treatment-related microscopic findings in stomach, duodenum, prostate gland and mesenteric lymph node
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Details on results:
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY:
one high dose female was found dead on day 15, two high dose females were killed in extremis on days 33 and 39, respectively. Clinical signs were restricted to the high dose group, and consisted of hunched posture, rales and piloerection during days 1-4 of the treatment.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY:
At 200 mg/kg, the following (statistically significant) changes in clinical biochemistry parameters were noted:
• Alanine aminotransferase levels were increased for both sexes.
• Aspartate aminotransferase concentration was slightly increased for both sexes (not statistically significant for females).
• Total protein was decreased for both sexes.
• Albumin levels were decreased for females.
• Increased concentration of bile acids for two females.
• Potassium concentrations were increased for females.
At 40 mg/kg, the potassium concentrations were also increased for the females.
The statistically significant increase in glucose concentration noted for males treated at 200 mg/kg was considered to be of no toxicological significance as it was due to slightly low control values and it remained within the range considered normal for rats of this age and strain.
ORGAN WEIGHTS:
In high dose males deceased absolute and relative thymus weights and increased relative weights of the brain, liver, thyroids, kidneys, adrenals and testes were observed. In high dose females, increased relative liver, kidneys and adrenals weights were noted.
GROSS PATHOLOGY:
Stomach abnormalities were noted for two males and two females treated at 200 mg/kg, and consisted of reddish foci in the glandular mucosa, crateriform retraction in the forestomach and/or thickened limited ridge.
Red discolouration of the mesenteric lymph nodes were seen in four animals treated at 10 mg/kg, in eleven animals treated at 40 mg/kg and in sixteen animals treated at 200 mg/kg.
HISTOPATHOLOGY: NON-NEOPLASTIC
Stomach:
- An increased incidence and/or severity of lymphogranulocytic inflammation of the submucosa of the glandular stomach was recorded in Group 4 in 6/6 males (minimal-moderate) and 4/7 females (minimal-slight). This was also recorded in Group 2 in 2/5 males (minimal, slight) and 1/5 females (minimal) and in Group 3 in 2/5 males and 1/5 females (minimal).
- An ulcer in the forestomach was recorded in 1/6 males (moderate) accompanied by slight necrosis of the muscular layer, and in 1/7 females (marked) of Group 4.
- Hyperplasia of the squamous epithelium of the forestomach was recorded in 1/6 males (slight) and 2/7 females (minimal, moderate) of Group 4, in one female accompanied by a moderate lymphocytic inflammation of the forestomach.
- Erosion of the glandular mucosa was recorded in 2/7 females (slight) of Group 4.
Duodenum: Minimal fibrosis in the villi was recorded in 2/7 females of Group 4.
Prostate gland: An increased incidence and/or severity of lymphocytic inflammation was recorded in 1/5 males of Group 2 (moderate), 1/5 males of Group 3 (minimal) and 3/6 males of Group 4 (minimal-moderate).
Mesenteric lymph nodes: An increased incidence and severity of sinus erythrocytosis with erythrophagocytosis and histiocytosis was recorded in Group 2 and above: In Group 2 in 2/5 males (minimal) and 3/5 females (minimal-slight), in Group 3 in 7/7 males and 4/5 females (slight) and in Group 4 in 10/10 males (slight-moderate) and 7/7 females (minimal-slight). This was also seen in 1/5 females of Group 1 (minimal).
The findings recorded in Groups 2 and 3 in the stomach (inflammation of the glandular stomach) and the lymphocytic inflammation of the prostate gland are findings which are occasionally seen as a background finding in untreated animals of this age and strain. For both findings no dose related increase in incidence and/or severity is seen in Group 3 compared to Group 2. Therefore, these findings in the low and mid dose groups were not considered toxicologically significant.
Effect levels
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Remarks:
- systemic
- Effect level:
- 10 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: dose-related increase in the incidence of red discolouration of the mesenteric lymphnodes and dose-related increased incidence and/or severity of sinus erythrocytosis with erythrophagocytosis and histiocytosis
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Remarks:
- local
- Effect level:
- 10 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: lymphogranulocytic inflammation of the submucosa of the glandular stomach
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- In conclusion, treatment with MMDS by oral gavage in male and female Wistar Han rats at dose levels of 10, 40 and 200 mg/kg body weight/day revealed parental toxicity at all dose levels (dose-releated increase in the incidence of red discolouration of the mesenteric lymphnodes and dose-related increased incidence and/or severity of sinus erythrocytosis with erythrophagocytosis and histocytosis), and therefore no NOAEL for parental toxicity could be derived. The LOAEL for parental toxicity is 10 mg/kg bw/day.
- Executive summary:
MMDS was administered by daily oral gavage to male and female Wistar Han rats at dose levels of 10, 40 and 200 mg/kg/day. Males were exposed for 2 weeks prior to mating, during mating, and up to termination (for 29 days). The females were exposed for 2 weeks prior to mating, during mating, during post-coitum, and at least 4 days of lactation (for 43 to 53 days).
Parental toxicity was observed at all dose levels (10, 40 and 200 mg/kg) in a dose related manner, and consisted of dose-related increase in the incidence of red discolouration of the mesenteric lymphnodes and dose-related increased incidence and/or severity of sinus erythrocytosis with erythrophagocytosis and histiocytosis. Based on these effects at all dose levels, a NOAEL for MMDS could not be established, and the LOAEL for parental toxicity is 10 mg/kg bw/day.
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