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EC number: 632-619-2 | CAS number: 881685-58-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Phototransformation in soil
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- phototransformation in soil
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 21 Jul 2006 to 13 Oct 2006
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline draft (Phototransformation of Chemicals on Soil Surfaces)
- Version / remarks:
- January 2002
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA Guideline Subdivision N 161-3 (Photodegradation Studies on Soil)
- Version / remarks:
- October 18, 1982
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Radiolabelling:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Analytical method:
- liquid chromatography
- high-performance liquid chromatography
- mass spectrometry
- other:
- Light source:
- Xenon lamp
- Light spectrum: wavelength in nm:
- >= 295 - <= 800
- Duration:
- 21 d
- % Moisture:
- 44.1
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- 133 g/ha d.w.
- Reference substance:
- yes
- Dark controls:
- yes
- % Degr.:
- 27.6
- Sampling time:
- 21
- DT50:
- >= 64.7 - <= 67.8 d
- Test condition:
- Continuous irradiation
- Remarks on result:
- other: Days Summer sunlight at 30-50 ˚N
- DT50:
- 861.1 h
- Test condition:
- Continuous Irradiation
- Transformation products:
- not specified
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- In a phototransformation in soil study performed in accordance with a draft OECD test guideline and EPA 161-3, the half-life of the test substance was determined to be 65 - 68 days under summer sunlight (latitudes of 30, 40 and 50°N).
- Executive summary:
The photolysis of 14C-phenyl-labelled test item was investigated on dry soil surfaces in accordance with a draft OECD test guideline and EPA 161-3. The study was in compliance with GLP. In a previous study using 14-pyrazolyl-labelled test item, the photolysis was studied in both dry and moist soil layers. In this study, no significant degradation was observed in the moist soil test, therefore it was not considered necessary to repeat this with the 14C-phenyl-labelled test item. The 14C-labelled test item was applied, at rates equivalent to ca. 133 - 136 g/ha, to thin layers (≤1 mm thickness) of soil in individual photolysis vessels. The treated soils were continuously irradiated using light from a xenon arc lamp. The emitted light was filtered to give a spectral distribution close to that of natural sunlight. The samples were maintained at 20 ± 2˚C and were irradiated for periods up to the equivalent of > 30 days summer sunlight. Duplicate samples were taken for analysis at up to 6 intervals. During irradiation, volatile products were trapped, using a sealed system, in a 2M sodium hydroxide solution. Two 'dark control' samples were also prepared and maintained at ca. 20°C for the duration of the irradiation.
The mass balance from the irradiated samples (mean of duplicate samples) ranged from 93.1 - 106.8 % of applied radioactivity. Trapped volatiles accounted for a maximum of 9.8 %. Of this, 5.9% was characterised as 14CO2, whilst the remainder (3.9% of applied radioactivity was possibly due to one or more other small, volatile compounds. Levels of unextracted radioactivity remained low (< 5 % of initial radioactivity). Degradation of test item during the irradiation period was significant, such that the parent compound represented 72.4 % of applied radioactivity after 21 days of continuous irradiation. The remainder of the radioactivity in the extract consisted of up to 13 minor components, none of which represented > 3% of applied radioactivity at the end of the irradiation period. No significant degradation was apparent in the 'dark controls' indicating that the degradation in irradiated samples was due to photodegradation only. Degradation of the test item on dry soil layers followed first-order kinetics. The estimated DT50 was 65 - 68 days of summer sunlight at latitudes of 30 - 50°N. As observed in a previous 14C - pyrazolyl - labelled test item soil photolysis study, degradation was assumed to involve cleavage of the molecule between the two ring systems to yield a large number of transient degradates containing the phenyl moiety of the molecule, which then underwent ring opening to yield volatile degradates, including 14CO2, to a maximum of 9.8% of the applied radioactivity.- Endpoint:
- phototransformation in soil
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 10 Feb 2006 to 19 Oct 2006
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline draft (Phototransformation of Chemicals on Soil Surfaces)
- Version / remarks:
- January 2002
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA Guideline Subdivision N 161-3 (Photodegradation Studies on Soil)
- Version / remarks:
- October 18, 1982
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Radiolabelling:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Analytical method:
- liquid chromatography
- high-performance liquid chromatography
- mass spectrometry
- other:
- Light source:
- Xenon lamp
- Light spectrum: wavelength in nm:
- >= 295 - <= 800
- Relative light intensity:
- >= 35.68 - <= 37.2
- Duration:
- 30 d
- % Moisture:
- 23.4
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- 139.5 g/ha d.w.
- Duration:
- 30 d
- % Moisture:
- 23.4
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- 131.5 g/ha d.w.
- Reference substance:
- no
- Dark controls:
- yes
- % Degr.:
- 6.2
- Sampling time:
- 21 d
- Test condition:
- Irradiated
- Remarks on result:
- other: Moist soil - Direct
- % Degr.:
- 31.7
- Sampling time:
- 21 d
- Test condition:
- Irradiated
- Remarks on result:
- other: Dry soil - Direct
- DT50:
- >= 68.2 - <= 71.6 d
- Test condition:
- Continuous irradiation
- Remarks on result:
- other: Summer Sunlight at 30-50°N - Dry Soil Layers
- DT50:
- 1 006.9 h
- Test condition:
- Continuous Irradiation
- Remarks on result:
- other: Dry Soil Layers
- Transformation products:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- M8, M9
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- In a soil photolysis study conducted according to a draft OECD test guideline and EPA 161-3, the DT50 of the test substance was estimated to be 68 - 72 days of summer sunlight using SFO.
- Executive summary:
A soil photolysis study was conducted according to a draft OECD test guideline and EPA 161-3. The study was in compliance with GLP. The photolysis of the test item was investigated on both dry and moist soil surfaces. The 14C-labelled test item was applied at rates equivalent to ca. 131 - 142 g/ha, to thin layers (≤ 1 mm for dry soil ; ≤ 2 mm for moist soil) of soil in individual photolysis vessels. The treated soils were continuously irradiated using light from a xenon arc lamp. The emitted light was filtered to give a spectral distribution close to that of natural sunlight. The samples were maintained at 20 ± 2˚C and were irradiated for periods up to the equivalent of ca 30 days summer sunlight. In each test, duplicate samples were taken for analysis at up to 6 intervals during irradiation. During irradiation, volatile products were trapped, using a sealed system, in a 2M sodium hydroxide solution. Two 'dark control' samples were also prepared and maintained at ca. 20°C for the duration of the irradiation.
In the dry soil test, the mass balance from the irradiated samples (mean of duplicate samples) ranged from 97.7 - 106.0 % of applied radioactivity. Trapped volatiles (14CO2) accounted for a maximum of 2.9 % and levels of unextracted radioactivity remained low (< 5 % of initial radioactivity). At the end of the irradiation period, the 14C-labelled test item represented 68.3 % of the applied radioactivity. Two discrete degradates were formed, namely M8 (representing a maximum of 5.4% of the applied radioactivity) and M9 (representing a maximum of 8.0 % of the applied radioactivity). No other component represented greater than 5 % of applied radioactivity. No significant degradation was apparent in the 'dark controls' indicating that the degradation in irradiated samples was due to photodegradation only. The ratio of the syn and anti isomers remained unchanged throughout the irradiation, indicating that no isomer-specific degradation had occurred.
Degradation of test item on dry soil layers followed first order kinetics. The estimated DT50 was 68 - 72 days of summer sunlight at latitudes of 30 - 50°N. In the moist soil test, the mass balance from the irradiated samples (mean of duplicate samples) ranged from 101.9 - 110.3 % of applied radioactivity. Trapped volatiles (14CO2)accounted for a maximum of < 1 % and levels of unextracted radioactivity remained low (generally < 7 % of initial radioactivity). In contrast to the dry soil test, no significant degradation was observed in the moist soil test.Degradation involved cleavage of the molecule between the two ring systems to yield the carboxylic acid and amide derivatives of the pyrazole ring, which represented maximum levels of 5.4% and 8.0 of applied radioactivity, respectively. Low levels of mineralization were observed (< 3 %). No significant degradation was observed in the moist soil layers. It is likely that the chemical was distributed evenly through the soil layer on moistening after application, protecting a significant proportion from the effects of irradiation. The regular re-moistening of the layers would then further promote this effect.
Referenceopen allclose all
Results of the distribution of radioactivity in the soil are presented in Table 3 and characterisation in Table 4.
No major metabolites were identified. Differences in radioactivity balance between the soil extracts and the extracted test item were accounted for by up to 13 separate minor fractions, none of which represented >3% AR at any time. A maximum of 8.9% AR was recovered in NaOH traps. An investigation by barium carbonate precipitation followed by regeneration of 14CO2 by addition of HCl and trapping of 14CO2 by ethanolamine indicated that 5.9% AR was due to CO2. As the recovery of 14CO2 from this procedure was considered rather low, the study authors repeated the procedure twice, however, the low recovery was confirmed. The authors concluded that other volatile gases, accounting for approximately 3% AR, must have also been trapped in the NaOH solutions. The study author calculated the SFO DT50 using ModelManager v1.1 as 36 experimental days (861.1 hours) under continuous irradiation (i.e. extrapolated beyond study duration). This was equated to DT50 of 64.7 – 67.8 days at 30 – 50ºN.
Table 3. Mass balance and distribution of radioactivity in dry soil photolysis Gartenacker soil - individual replicates (values as % AR), [14C-phenyl]-labelled test item
DAT | Replicate | % of Applied Radioactivity | Total | Mean | ||
% Extracted | % in NaOH Trap | % Unextracted | ||||
0 | A | 107.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 107.6 | 106.8 |
B | 105.5 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 106.0 | ||
3 | A | 103.3 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 107.0 | 107.8 |
B | 104.7 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 108.5 | ||
7 | A | 102.2 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 107.9 | 105.6 |
B | 97.1 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 103.2 | ||
10 | A | 94.4 | 4.9 | 3.4 | 102.7 | 100.9 |
B | 91.9 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 99.1 | ||
14 | A | 80.0 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 86.5 | 93.1 |
B | 89.3 | 6.5 | 3.9 | 99.7 | ||
21 | A | 83.5 | 9.8 | 4.1 | 97.4 | 97.9 |
B | 85.5 | 8.8 | 4.0 | 98.3 | ||
Dark Control 21 | A | 102.4 | NA | 0.8 | 103.2 | 104.3 |
B | 104.6 | NA | 0.8 | 105.4 |
Table 4. Characterisation of extracted radioactivity in dry soil photolysis Gartenacker soil - individual replicates (values as % AR), [14C-phenyl]-labelled test item
DAT | % test item |
0 | 104.7 |
3 | 98.3 |
7 | 90.0 |
10 | 83.1 |
14 | 76.4 |
21 | 72.4 |
Dark Control 21 | 102.0 |
An overview of the results is provided in Table 2 - Table 5 below.
- Mass balance: In the dry soil test, the mass balance from the irradiated samples (mean of duplicate samples) ranged from 97.7 - 106.0 % of applied radioactivity. The mean recovery from dark control samples was 103.2 %. Levels of unextracted residue remained low (< 5 % of initial radioactivity). In the moist soil test, the mass balance from the irradiated samples (mean of duplicate samples) ranged from 101.9 - 110.3 % of initial radioactivity. The mean recovery from dark control samples was 102.6 %. Levels of unextracted residue remained low (generally < 7 % of initial radioactivity).
- Volatile degradation products: Low levels of radioactivity were evolved as volatile products, which were trapped in sodium hydroxide. The volatile radioactivity evolved reached a maximum of 2.9 % of initial radioactivity for the dry soil test and < 1 % for the moist soil test. This radioactivity was assumed to be due to 14CO2. As no radioactivity was unaccounted for in the dry soil test, no analysis was conducted on the "ORBO" traps.
- Radioactive residues in soil extracts (Dry soil test): Degradation of the test substance during the irradiation period was significant, such that the parent compound represented 68.3 % of applied radioactivity after 21 days of continuous irradiation. Two discrete degradates were observed, namely M8 (which reached a maximum level of 5.4 % of applied radioactivity after 21 days) and M9 (which reached a maximum level of 8.0 % of applied radioactivity after 2 1 days). The remainder of the radioactivity in the extract consisted of 2 minor components (neither of which represented > 5 % of the applied radioactivity) and areas of "streaked" radioactivity which did not contain any discrete components.
- Radioactive residues in soil extracts (Moist soil test): No significant degradation was observed in the moist soils layers, with the test substance still representing 93.8 % of applied radioactivity after 21 days of continuous irradiation. Low levels of M8 were observed (reaching a maximum of 1.6 % of applied radioactivity after 21 days). No degradates were observed which represented > 5 % of the applied radioactivity.
It is considered that the relatively low amount of degradation of the test substance in moist soil may have been due to more even distribution of the substance through the soil, protecting a significant amount of the residue from photolysis, this being exaggerated with the regular re-wetting of the soil through the study. The SFO DT50 was calculated using the ModelManager v1.1 as 42 experimental days (1006.9 hours) for dry soil under continuous irradiation (i.e. extrapolated beyond study duration). This was equated to DT50 of 68.2 – 71.6 days at 30 – 50ºN. Whilst not conducted according to FOCUS Kinetics principles. The ratio of syn:anti isomer of the test substance isomers was measured at the beginning and end of the irradiation periods in both dry and moist soil tests. The ratio was essentially unchanged over the course of the 21 day study duration.
Table 2. Mass balance and distribution of radioactivity in dry soil photolysis Gartenacker soil - individual replicates (values as % AR), [14C-pyrazole] labelled test item
DAT | Replicate | % of Applied Radioactivity | Total | Mean | ||
% Extracted | % CO2 | % Unextracted | ||||
0 | A | 102.1 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 102.7 | 102.9 |
B | 102.4 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 103.0 | ||
3 | A | 105.9 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 107.4 | 106.0 |
B | 102.6 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 104.5 | ||
7 | A | 102.6 | 0.5 | 2.3 | 105.4 | 102.7 |
B | 96.3 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 99.9 | ||
10 | A | 97.3 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 101.0 | 101.1 |
B | 96.7 | 1.6 | 2.8 | 101.1 | ||
14 | A | 99.1 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 102.7 | 102.6 |
B | 97.7 | 1.2 | 3.6 | 102.5 | ||
21 | A | 91.2 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 97.7 | 97.7 (a) |
B | 113.1 (a) | 2.1 | 4.2 | 119.4 (a) | ||
Dark Control 21 | A | 102.6 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 103.2 | 103.2 (a) |
B | 80.4 (a) | 0.0 | 1.8 | 82.2 (a) |
During transfer, some of the Dark Control Rep B extract was erroneously mixed with the 21 DAT Rep B Extract (hence the discrepancy between the recoveries). These samples were not, therefore, included in the mean.
Table 3 Characterisation of extracted radioactivity in dry soil photolysis Gartenacker soil - individual replicates (values as % AR), [14C-pyrazole] labelled test item
DAT | Replicate | % Test item | Mean | % M9 | Mean | % M8 | Mean |
0 | A | 102.1 |
102.3 | 0.0 |
0.0 | 0.0 |
0.0 |
B | 102.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
3 | A | 105.9 |
102.7 | 0.0 |
0.5 | 0.0 |
0.7 |
B | 99.5 | 1.0 | 1.3 | ||||
7 | A | 96.6 |
92.6 | 0.9 |
1.6 | 3.0 |
3.3 |
B | 88.5 | 2.3 | 3.5 | ||||
10 | A | 86.8 |
84.8 | 2.2 |
3.0 | 3.5 |
4.0 |
B | 82.7 | 3.7 | 4.4 | ||||
14 | A | 91.7 |
89.4 | 2.3 |
2.9 | 3.7 |
4.0 |
B | 87.7 | 3.5 | 4.2 | ||||
21 | A | 68.3 |
68.3(a) | 8.0 |
8.0 | 5.4 |
5.4 |
B | 104.1(a) | 3.8(a) | 5.3(a) | ||||
Dark Control 21 | A | 102.6 |
102.6(a) | 0.0 |
0.0 | 0.0 |
0.0 |
B | 80.4(a) | NA | NA |
(a) During transfer, some of the Dark Control Rep B extract was erroneously mixed with the 21 DAT Rep B Extract (hence the discrepancy between the recoveries). These samples were not, therefore, included in the mean.
Table 4. Mass balance and distribution of radioactivity in moist soil photolysis Gartenacker soil - individual replicates (values as % AR), [14C-pyrazole] labelled test item
DAT | Replicate | % of Applied Radioactivity | Total | Mean | ||
% Extracted | % CO2 | % Unextracted | ||||
0 | A | 99.7 | 0.0 | 16.4 | 116.1 | 110.3 |
B | 98.2 | 0.0 | 6.3 | 104.5 | ||
3 | A | 103.0 | 0.1 | 2.8 | 105.9 | 105.2 |
B | 100.6 | 0.1 | 3.7 | 104.4 | ||
7 | A | 102.7 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 105.8 | 105.4 |
B | 101.6 | 0.1 | 3.3 | 105.0 | ||
10 | A | 99.9 | 0.1 | 2.9 | 102.9 | 103.6 |
B | 99.5 | 0.4 | 4.3 | 104.2 | ||
14 | A | 97.1 | 0.1 | 3.5 | 100.7 | 103.3 |
B | 99.5 | 0.6 | 5.7 | 105.8 | ||
21 | A | 96.4 | 0.5 | 3.8 | 100.7 | 101.9 |
B | 97.1 | 0.7 | 5.2 | 103.0 | ||
Dark Controls | A | 102.1 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 104.3 | 102.6 |
B | 99.0 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 100.8 |
Table 5. Characterisation of extracted radioactivity in moist soil photolysis Gartenacker soil - individual replicates (values as % AR), [14C-pyrazole] labelled test item
DAT | Replicate | % test item | Mean | % M8 | Mean |
0 | A | 99.7 | 99.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
B | 98.2 | 0.0 | |||
3 | A | 103.0 | 101.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
B | 100.6 | 0.0 | |||
7 | A | 102.7 | 102.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
B | 101.6 | 0.0 | |||
10 | A | 99.9 | 99.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
B | 99.5 | 0.0 | |||
14 | A | 95.6 | 96.4 | 1.5 | 1.4 |
B | 97.1 | 1.2 | |||
21 | A | 93.6 | 93.8 | 1.0 | 1.6 |
B | 93.9 | 2.1 | |||
Dark Control | A | 102.1 | 100.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
B | 99.0 | 0.0 |
Description of key information
DT50 = 68 - 72 days of summer sunlight latitudes of 30 - 50°N, dry soil, continuous irradiation, Xenon arc lamp, 14C-pyrazole-labelled substance, OECD draft guideline and EPA 161 -3, Hand and Khawaja 2006
DT50 = 65 – 68 days of summer sunlight latitudes of 30 - 50°N, continuous irradiation, Xenon arc lamp, 14C-phenyl-labelled substance, OECD draft guideline and EPA 161 -3, Hand and Khawaka 2007
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
Two studies on photodegradation in soil (EPA 161-3 and OECD draft guideline) are available. In the first study (Hand and Khawaja 2006), both dry and moist Gartenacker soil (loam) were exposed to the 14C-pyrazole-labelled test substance at an approximate rate of 131 - 142 g/ha. The treated soils were continuously irradiated using light from a xenon arc lamp. The emitted light was filtered to give a spectral distribution close to that of natural sunlight. The samples were maintained at 20 ± 2°C and were irradiated for periods up to the equivalent of ca. 30 days summer sunlight. Degradation of the test substance on dry soil layers followed first order kinetics. The estimated DT50 was 68 - 72 days of summer sunlight at latitudes of 30 - 50°N. In contrast to the dry soil test, no significant degradation was observed in the moist soil test. In the second study (Hand and Khawaja 2007), dry Gartenacker soil (loam) was exposed to the 14C-phyenyl labelled substance at an approximate rate of 133 - 136 g/ha. The treated soils were continuously irradiated using light from a xenon arc lamp. The emitted light was filtered to give a spectral distribution close to that of natural sunlight. The samples were maintained at 20 ± 2°C and were irradiated for periods up to the equivalent of > 30 days summer sunlight. Degradation of the test substance on dry soil layers followed first order kinetics. The estimated DT50 was 65 - 68 days of summer sunlight at latitudes of 30 - 50°N.
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