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EC number: 232-167-2 | CAS number: 7789-45-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Tests done according to standard protocol. Good quality and considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity. Study used for that purpose in the EU risk assessment process on zinc (ECB 2008). Culture medium, test water conditions well described and relevant the purpose of classification.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: US EPA/600/4-85/013: methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents to freshwaterand marine organisms
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- samples taken at beginning and end of the test
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- charcoal-filtered city of Syracuse tap water, hardness adjusted to 180-200mg CaCO3/l
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- no data
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Hardness:
- 180-200mg CaCO3/L
- Test temperature:
- 20°C
- pH:
- 8.5
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal concentrations 0,0.22,0.34,0.54,0.84,1.26 1.95 mg Zn/l
corresponding measured concentrations: 0.08, 0.22,0.36,0.52,0.82,0.96,1.3 mg Zn/l - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 1 220 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- dissolved
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 860 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- dissolved
- Basis for effect:
- other: effect parameter not explicitly mentioned
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- LC50 and EC50 estimated by computerised versions of the non-parametric Spearman-Karber procedure
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Tests done according to standard protocol. Good quality and considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity.
- Executive summary:
Tests done according to standard protocol. Good quality and considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity. Study used for that purpose in the EU risk assessment process on zinc (ECB 2008). Culture medium, test water conditions well described and relevant the purpose of classification. LC50 and EC50 values: see “results” section.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Tests done according to standard protocol. Good quality and considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity. Study used for that purpose in the EU risk assessment process on zinc (ECB 2008). Culture medium, test water conditions well described and relevant the purpose of classification.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: US EPA/600/4-85/013: methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents to freshwaterand marine organisms
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- samples taken at beginning and end of the test
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- charcoal-filtered city of Syracuse tap water, hardness adjusted to 180-200mg CaCO3/l
- Test organisms (species):
- Ceriodaphnia dubia
- Details on test organisms:
- no data
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Hardness:
- 180-200mg CaCO3/L
- Test temperature:
- 25°C
- pH:
- 8.5
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal concentrations 0,0.12,0.22,0.39,0.7,1.22,2.1 mg Zn/l
corresponding measured concentrations: <0.1, <0.1, 0.10, 0.18, 0.53, 0.77, 1.3 mg Zn/l - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 500 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- dissolved
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 360 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- dissolved
- Basis for effect:
- other: effect parameter not explicitly mentioned
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- LC50 and EC50 estimated by computerised versions of the non-parametric Spearman-Karber procedure
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Tests done according to standard protocol. Good quality and considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity.
- Executive summary:
Tests done according to standard protocol. Good quality and considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity. Study used for that purpose in the EU risk assessment process on zinc (ECB 2008). Culture medium, test water conditions well described and relevant the purpose of classification. LC50 and EC50 values: see “results” section.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- study not according to standard protocol but good quality and considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity. Study used for that purpose in the EU risk assessment process on zinc (ECB 2008). Culture medium, test water conditions well described and relevant the purpose of classification.
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- lab designed flow-through test system for testing acute toxicity to daphnia magna.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- samples for metal dosage were taken daily
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Bristol's algae medium prepared in dechlorinated Montreal city water
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- D. magna culture was obtained from the Arbor Scientific Supply house, Port credit, Ontario.
- Test type:
- flow-through
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Hardness:
- 100 mg CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 20°C
- pH:
- 6.95
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal concentrations ranging between 10.6 and 450.9 µg/l
- Details on test conditions:
- flow-through design
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 800 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- dissolved
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Details on results:
- results after 48 hrs exposure are reported
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- dosage-mortality curves at 48 hrs were used to define the LC50. goodness-of fit was tested with chi-square test.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- good quality study for use in derivation of the reference acute aquatic toxicity
- Executive summary:
Tests done to check the effects of different metals and their combinations on Daphnia magna. Only results on zinc were used for this analysisi. Tests not done according to standard protocol, (lab-designed flow-through test), but of good quality and considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity. Study used for that purpose in the EU risk assessment process on zinc (ECB 2008). Culture medium, test water conditions well described and relevant the purpose of classification. LC50 values: see “results” section.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- study not according to standard protocol but good quality and considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity. Study used for that purpose in the EU risk assessment process on zinc (ECB 2008). Culture medium, test water conditions well described and relevant the purpose of classification.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- dose response test with Daphnia magna in beakers, similar to the later developed standard D. magna chronic test. linear series of concentrations were used for delineating reproductive impairment levels.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- sampling at beginning
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- unfiltered lake Superior water strained through #20 bolting cloth
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- Daphnids were 12 +/- 12 hrs old. They originated from a laboratory clone from the university of Michigan.
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Hardness:
- 45.3 mg CaCO3/l
- Test temperature:
- not reported for acute test but chronic test performed at 18°C
- pH:
- 7.7
- Dissolved oxygen:
- near saturation at all times
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal concnetrations: 25,50,100,125,200 µg/l;
corresponding measured concnetrations: 35,52,105,125,208 µg/l - Details on test conditions:
- tests were run both with and without food additions. Both results were considered.
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 100 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- dissolved
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: result obtained without food
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 280 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- dissolved
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: result obtained with food
- Details on results:
- Two different results, obtained without and with food, respectively
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- results were said to be statistically evaluated but no information was further reported
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- results considered useful for derivation of the aquatic toxicty reference value for classification
- Executive summary:
Study on the short term and long trem toxicity of zinc to daphnia magna. Tests not done according to standard protocol, but of good quality and considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity. Study result (without food) used for that purpose in the EU risk assessment process on zinc (ECB 2008). Culture medium, test water conditions well described and relevant the purpose of classification. LC50 values: see “results” section.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- study not according to standard protocol but good quality and data obtained in contyrol water considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity. Culture medium, control test water conditions well described and relevant the purpose of classification.
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- lab-designed dose response test along the lines of later standard cladoceran test protocols
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- US EPA approved procedures were used for sampling (not further detailed)
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- tests were performed in
a) lake superior water (control) and
b) different natural waters taken from Naugatuck river (US). only the results obtained in synthetic waters were used
Zinc background: (total concentration) - Test organisms (species):
- Ceriodaphnia dubia
- Details on test organisms:
- laboratory stock C. dubia were used from the US EPA environmental research mlab, Duluth, Minnesota culture unit (maintained in lake superior water). organisms were <4hrs old
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Hardness:
- (as CaCO3/l): reference water: 52
water 1: 36
water 5: 68 - Test temperature:
- 22-28°C
- pH:
- ref water: 7.7
water 1: 7.5
water 5: 7.5 - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- not detailed
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 169 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- dissolved
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: results obtained in control water
- Details on results:
- Only results obtained in water with non-increased ambient zinc background are reported. For the acute toxicity reference database, only the result in control water (Lake Superior) is used, according to the approach followed in the RA (ECB 2008). The data obtained in natural waters are not used. they are:
Duration Endpoint Effect conc. Nominal/Measured Conc. based on Basis for effect Remarks (e.g. 95% CL)
48 h LC50 165 µg/L meas. (not specified) dissolved mortality result on water 1, test 1
48 h LC50 145 µg/L meas. (not specified) dissolved mortality result on water 1, test 2
48 h LC50 194 µg/L meas. (not specified) dissolved mortality result on water 5 - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- the trimmed Spearman-Karber method was used for estimating median LC50.one way analysis of variance and Dunett's procedure was used for comparing all treatments with a control (p=0.95) to identify significant differences.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Tests done according to standard protocol. Good quality and result obtained in Lake superior water considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity.
- Executive summary:
Tests not done according to standard protocol, but along the lines of later standard cladoceran test protocols. Tests of good quality and data obtained in control water (Lake Superior) considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity, in accordance to the approach followed in the EU risk assessement (ECB 2008). Culture medium, test water conditions well described and relevant the purpose of classification. LC50 values: see “results” section.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Tests done according to standard protocol. Good quality and considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity. Study used for PNEC derivation in the EU risk assessment process on zinc (ECB 2008). Culture medium, test water conditions well described and relevant the purpose of classification.
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- different hardnesses were applied within acceptable boundaries
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- lab-designed dose response test
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- 2 samples for metal analysis were taken at the start and the end of the test. One sample was filtered over a 0.45µm mesh
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Culture and test medium: well water with parent (ambient) hardness of 22-60 mg/l (as CaCO3), adjusted to nominal hardness of 100 and 200 by adding CaSO4, MgCl2.2H2O, NaHCO3, and KHCO3, to achieve medium-hard and hard water with an average ionic composition as medium hard and hard types of natural (North American) waters. these conditions are also relevant for EU waters.
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- Separate cultures were maintained at each water hardness, so it appears that the animals were acclimated to the hardness of the water before testing
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Hardness:
- variable, as indicated in results section
- Test temperature:
- 19.5°C at 54 hardness
19.8°C at 105 hardness
20.4 at 196 hardness - pH:
- variable, as indicated in results section
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 330 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- dissolved
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: at hardness 54 mg CaCO3/l, pH 7.6
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 530 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- dissolved
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: at hardness 105 mg CaCO3/l, pH 8.1
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 660 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- dissolved
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: at hardness 196 mg CaCO3/l, pH 8.2
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- no statistics reported
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Tests not done according to standard protocol., but good quality and considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity.
- Executive summary:
Tests not done according to standard protocol, but following protocol similar of OECD 202. Tests of good quality and considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity. Study used for the purpose of PNEC setting (NOEC values) in the EU risk assessment process on zinc (ECB 2008). Culture medium, test water conditions well described and relevant the purpose of classification. LC50 values: see “results” section. Results show decreasing sensitivity when increasing pH and hardness at the same time.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Tests done according to standard protocol. Good quality and considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity. Culture medium, test water conditions well described and relevant the purpose of classification.
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- no details given
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- M-4 Elendt medium was used for testing
- Test organisms (species):
- Ceriodaphnia dubia
- Details on test organisms:
- lab clone of Ceriodaphnia dubia was used that had been successfully cultured in the lab for 5 years. the paper describes the effect of acclimatisation to higher zinc concnetrations before testing; only the results of the non-acclimatised organisms are reported and used.
organisms were fed daily a mixture of (3:1 ratio) the algae Raphidocelis subcapitata and Chlamydomonas Rheinhardtii at a concnetration of 2,5 x 10 to the 6th algal cells/ml - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Hardness:
- 280mgCaCO3/l
- Test temperature:
- 24+/-1°C
- pH:
- 7.8
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- not mentioned, all results expressed as measured dissolved Zn-concentrations
- Details on test conditions:
- Elendt M-4 medium
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 670 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- dissolved
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: result from the non-acclimatised clone
- Details on results:
- only the result from the non-acclimatised control clone are reported and used.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- statements of significance were based on accepting p<0.05
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Tests done according to standard protocol. Good quality and considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity.
- Executive summary:
Study into the development of acclimation to zinc in Ceriodaphnia dubia. Tests done according to standard protocol. Good quality and considered useful for setting the reference value for acute aquatic ecotoxicity. Culture medium, test water conditions well described and relevant the purpose of classification. LC50 values: see “results” section.
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
For this endpoint, no data was available for the registered substance. Nevertheless, an experimental study assessing the toxicity of an analogue substance on 2 different aquatic invertebrate species (Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia), gave the following results:
- 48h-EC50 = 360 ug/L (Cerodaphnia dubia) and 860 ug/L (Daphnia magna)
- 48h-LC50 = 500 ug/L (Cerodaphnia dubia) and 1220 ug/L (Daphnia magna).
The most conservative value is used as the key ecotoxicity data for this endpoint.
This study was performed according to standard protocol and was of good quality. The extrapolation of the results of this study to the registered substance was considered acceptable.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 360 µg/L
Additional information
Supporting studies on an analogue substance having the same chemical structure (geometry) were added and gave results in the same order:
- 48h-LC50 between 100 and 800 ug/L (Daphnia magna) and 169 ug/L (Cerodaphnia dubia)
- 48h-EC50 = 670 ug/L (Daphnia magna)
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.