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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 701-287-1 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vitro
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- not indicated
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Publication with unknown GLP study status. Non-guideline assay with several limitations with regard to sensitivity. The sensitivity of the test is however validated by the positive result obtained. Very limited details on test item.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Chromate-Induced Epimutations in Mammalian Cells
- Author:
- Klein CB, Su L, Bowser D et al
- Year:
- 2 002
- Bibliographic source:
- Environ Health Perspect 110(suppl 5) :739-743 (2002)
- Report date:
- 2002
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- These transgenic cells allow the characterization of a mixed spectrum of genotoxic outcomes that may include genetic mutations, transgene deletions, and epigenetic gene silencing caused by aberrant DNA hypermethylation.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- mammalian cell gene mutation assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Barium chromate
- EC Number:
- 233-660-5
- EC Name:
- Barium chromate
- Cas Number:
- 10294-40-3
- Molecular formula:
- Ba.CrH2O4
- IUPAC Name:
- Barium chromate
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Barium chromate
- Molecular formula (if other than submission substance): BaCrO4
- Physical state: solid particles
- Granulometry: text states "sized at 0.4–0.6 μM", the intended meaning was probably "size 0.4–0.6 μm" ?
- No other details available
Constituent 1
Method
- Target gene:
- GPT = guanine-hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase
Species / strain
- Species / strain / cell type:
- other: Chinese hamster G12 lung cells
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- G12 cell line is V79-derived and contains a bacterial GPT reporter gene in its DNA: transgenic cell line
- Metabolic activation:
- without
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- 0.05–0.25 μg/cm2 (lower concentrations seem to have been tested for cytotoxicity)
- Vehicle / solvent:
- complete F12 medium
Controls
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- no
- Remarks:
- (but test validated by positive result with test item)
- Positive control substance:
- no
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION: suspension in medium
DURATION
- Exposure duration: 24 hr at 37°C in complete F12 medium to allow dissolution of Cr and/or phagocytic uptake by cells
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 7 days in nonselective F12 medium
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): not indicated
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): not indicated
SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): 10 μg/mL 6TGF12 medium (selects the 6-thioguanine resistance)
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 2 or 3 per dose
NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: not indicated
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: Clonal cell survival
OTHER EXAMINATIONS:
After the classical assay, 6TG resistant mutants/epimutants were further evaluated for the nature of the genotoxic event:
- Deletion of the transgene was investigated by extraction of high MW DNA from 0.5-1 × 10^7 resistant cells and PCR.
- Gene silencing caused by DNA hypermethylation was investigated by Southern blot for the transgene and its promoter region. - Evaluation criteria:
- Increase in mutant frequency over controls
- Statistics:
- not performed
Results and discussion
Test results
- Species / strain:
- other: Chinese hamster G12 lung cells
- Metabolic activation:
- without
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Remarks:
- at 0.15 and 0.20 µg/cm2
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- -40% survival at 0.20 µg/cm2
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- not applicable
- Additional information on results:
- TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES:
COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA:
all no data.
CYTOTOXICITY:
Dose-related decrease in survival; >80% up to 0.10 µg/cm2, 75% at 0.15 µg/cm2, 60% at 0.20 µg/cm2 (as assessed from graph)
MUTATION:
BaCrO4 was mutagenic in G12 cells, with a maximal mutation peak (3.5× background; 3.2x vehicle control as assessed from graph) at 0.15 μg/cm2 and a decline at next dose (2.1x vehicle control as assessed from graph).
FURTHER EXPLANATORY ASSAYS:
- 33% (8/24) of mutant G12 cells showed transgene deletion at PCR
- BaCrO4 did not induce any DNA methylation changes in G12 cells - Remarks on result:
- other: all strains/cell types tested
- Remarks:
- Migrated from field 'Test system'.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information):
positive without metabolic activation no metabolic activation tested
Barium Chromate induced gene mutation (and cytotoxicity) in transgenic Chinese Hamster lung cells. The mutagenicity could not be explained by the cytotoxicity. - Executive summary:
When tested in Chinese Hamster lung G12 trangenic cells, Barium Chromate induced concentration-dependent increases in cytotoxicity and gene mutation. The mutation was mainly due to deletion (33% of mutants). The results were characteristic of the mutagenesis profiles in various mammalian cells by Cr.
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