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EC number: 201-729-9 | CAS number: 87-19-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Genetic toxicity in vitro
Description of key information
For this endpoint one key in vitro Ames test is available.
No biologically relevant increases in revertant colony numbers of any of the five tester strains were observed following treatment with the test item at any concentration level, neither in the presence nor absence of metabolic activation in both independent experiments.
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 14.09.-17.10.2016
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
- Version / remarks:
- adopted July 21, 1997
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)
- Version / remarks:
- May 30, 2008
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- Hessisches Ministerium für Umwelt, Klimaschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz, Mainzer Strasse 80, 65189 Wiesbaden, Germany
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
- Target gene:
- histidine, tryptophan
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
- Species / strain / cell type:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- Mammalian Microsomal Fraction S9 Mix
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- - in the pre-experiment the concentration range of the test item was 3 – 5000 μg/plate
- toxic effects were observed in experiment I
- Pre-Experiment/Experiment I & Ia: 3; 10; 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000 μg/plate
- Experiment II:
Strains TA 1537 and TA 100: 0.3; 1; 3; 10; 33; 100; 333; 1000; and 2500 μg/plate
The remaining strains: 10; 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000 μg/plate - Vehicle / solvent:
- DMSO
The solvent was chosen because of its solubility properties and its relative nontoxicity to the bacteria. - Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- untreated
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 10 μg/plate
- Positive control substance:
- sodium azide
- Remarks:
- Without metabolic activation
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 10 μg/plate in strain TA 98, 50 μg/plate in strain TA 1537
- Positive control substance:
- other: 4-nitro-o-phenylene-diamine, 4-NOPD
- Remarks:
- Without metabolic activation
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 2.0 μL/plate
- Positive control substance:
- methylmethanesulfonate
- Remarks:
- Without metabolic activation
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 2.5 μg/plate (10.0 μg/plate in WP2 uvrA)
- Positive control substance:
- other: 2-aminoanthracene, 2-AA
- Remarks:
- With metabolic activation
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION:
in agar (plate incorporation) in Experiment I and pre-incubation in Experiment II.
DURATION
- Exposure duration: 48h at 37°C
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 3
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA:
The Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli reverse mutation assay is considered acceptable if it meets the following criteria:
- regular background growth in the negative and solvent control
- the spontaneous reversion rates in the negative and solvent control are in the range of our historical data
- the positive control substances should produce an increase above the threshold of twice (strains TA 98, TA 100, and WP2 uvrA) or thrice (strains TA 1535 and TA 1537) the colony count of the corresponding solvent control
- a minimum of five analysable dose levels should be present with at least three dose levels showing no signs of toxic effects, evident as a reduction in the number of revertants below the indication factor of 0.5. - Evaluation criteria:
- A test item is considered as a mutagen if a biologically relevant increase in the number of revertants exceeding the threshold of twice (strains TA 98, TA 100, and WP2 uvrA) or thrice (strains TA 1535 and TA 1537) the colony count of the corresponding solvent control is observed.
A dose dependent increase is considered biologically relevant if the threshold is exceeded at more than one concentration.
An increase exceeding the threshold at only one concentration is judged as biologically relevant if reproduced in an independent second experiment.
A dose dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies below the threshold is regarded as an indication of a mutagenic potential if reproduced in an independent second experiment. However, whenever the colony counts remain within the historical range of negative and solvent controls such an increase is not considered biologically relevant. - Statistics:
- According to the OECD guideline 471, a statistical analysis of the data is not mandatory.
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- Exp. I: 2500 – 5000 with S9; Exp. II: 2500 – 5000 with S9
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1537
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- Exp. I: 1000 – 5000 without S9, 2500 – 5000 with S9; Exp. II: 333 – 2500 without S9, 1000 – 2500 with S9
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 98
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- Exp. I: 2500 – 5000 with S9, 5000 without S9; Exp. II: 5000 without S9, 1000 – 5000 with S9
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- Exp. I: 333 – 5000 without S9; 333, 5000 with S9; Exp. II: 100 – 2500 without S6, 333 – 2500 with S9
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- The assay was performed in three independent experiments both with and without liver microsomal activation. Each concentration, including the controls, was tested in triplicate.
The test item precipitated in the overlay agar in the test tubes from 1000 to 5000 μg/plate. No precipitation of the test item was observed in the overlay agar on the incubated agar plates.
Appropriate reference mutagens were used as positive controls. They showed a distinct increase in induced revertant colonies. - Conclusions:
- In the described mutagenicity test and under the experimental conditions reported, the test item did not induce gene mutations by base pair changes or frameshifts in the genome of the strains used.
- Executive summary:
This study was performed to investigate the potential of the test item to induce gene mutations according to the plate incorporation test (experiment I and Ia) and the pre-incubation test (experiment II) using the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100, and the Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA. The test was performet according to OECD TG 471 and in compliance to GLP.
The assay was performed in three independent experiments both with and without liver microsomal activation. Each concentration, including the controls, was tested in triplicate. The test item was tested at the following concentrations:
Pre-Experiment/Experiment I & Ia: 3; 10; 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000 μg/plate
Experiment II:
Strains TA 1537 and TA 100: 0.3; 1; 3; 10; 33; 100; 333; 1000; and 2500 μg/plate
The remaining strains: 10; 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000 μg/plate
The test item precipitated in the overlay agar in the test tubes from 1000 to 5000 μg/plate. No precipitation of the test item was observed in the overlay agar on the incubated agar plates.
The plates incubated with the test item showed reduced background growth in all strains with and without S9, except of strain WP2 uvrA. Toxic effects, evident as a reduction in the number of revertants (below the indication factor of 0.5), occurred in all strains, except of strain WP2 uvrA.
No substantial increase in revertant colony numbers of any of the five tester strains was observed following treatment with the test item at any concentration level, neither in the presence nor absence of metabolic activation (S9 mix). There was also no tendency of higher mutation rates with increasing concentrations in the range below the generally acknowledged border of biological relevance. Appropriate reference mutagens were used as positive controls. They showed a distinct in-crease in induced revertant colonies.
In conclusion, it can be stated that during the described mutagenicity test and under the experimental conditions reported, the test item did not induce gene mutations by base pair changes or frameshifts in the genome of the strains used.
Therefore, the test item is considered to be non-mutagenic in this Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli reverse mutation assay.
Reference
Summary of experiment I
Metabolic Activation |
Test Group |
Dose Level (per plate) |
Revertant Colony Counts (Mean ±SD) | |||
TA 1535 | TA 1537 | TA 98 | TA 100 | |||
Without | DMSO | 12 ± 4 | 15 ± 2 | 32 ± 4 | 146 ± 13 | |
Activation | Untreated | 12 ± 5 | 12 ± 2 | 29 ± 4 | 165 ± 6 | |
Test item | 3 μg | 13 ± 6 | 14 ± 2 | 24 ± 3 | 153 ± 14 | |
10 μg | 11 ± 5 | 10 ± 1 | 36 ± 6 | 141 ± 13 | ||
33 μg | 15 ± 5 | 17 ± 3 | 25 ± 8 | 158 ± 21 | ||
100 μg | 15 ± 7 | 13 ± 2 | 30 ± 2 | 84 ± 12 | ||
333 μg | 9 ± 1 | 10 ± 5 | 20 ± 5 | 40 ± 5 | ||
1000 μg | 9 ± 3 | 5 ± 2 M R | 23 ± 3 | 17 ± 3 M R | ||
2500 μg | 9 ± 4 | 2 ± 1 M R | 13 ± 3 | 22 ± 6 M R | ||
5000 μg | 11 ± 3 | 2 ± 1 M R | 10 ± 2 | 18 ± 4 M R | ||
NaN3 | 10 μg | 1520 ± 36 | 2311 ± 58 | |||
4-NOPD | 10 μg | 415 ± 38 | ||||
4-NOPD | 50 μg | 87 ± 8 | ||||
MMS | 2.0 μL | |||||
With | DMSO | 15 ± 3 | 17 ± 5 | 40 ± 11 | 122 ± 7 | |
Activation | Untreated | 20 ± 5 | 20 ± 1 | 43 ± 4 | 143 ± 15 | |
Test item | 3 μg | 15 ± 5 | 17 ± 4 | 40 ± 4 | 115 ± 13 | |
10 μg | 10 ± 1 | 23 ± 4 | 37 ± 5 | 108 ± 9 | ||
33 μg | 16 ± 6 | 15 ± 6 | 44 ± 7 | 139 ± 2 | ||
100 μg | 13 ± 6 | 17 ± 1 | 39 ± 3 | 118 ± 5 | ||
333 μg | 10 ± 2 | 16 ± 1 | 41 ± 2 | 43 ± 9 | ||
1000 μg | 8 ± 4 | 9 ± 5 | 25 ± 2 | 57 ± 7 | ||
2500 μg | 1 ± 1 | 3 ± 3 M R | 21 ± 1 R | 64 ± 16 | ||
5000 μg | 0 ± 0 | 1 ± 1 M R | 8 ± 1 M R | 3 ± 1 | ||
2-AA | 2.5 μg | 366 ± 30 | 359 ± 22 | 3655 ± 326 | 3766 ± 228 | |
2-AA | 10.0 μg |
Summary of experiment Ia
Metabolic Activation |
Test Group |
Dose Level (per plate) |
Revertant Colony Counts (Mean ±SD) |
WP2 uvrA | |||
Without | DMSO | 39 ± 6 | |
Activation | Untreated | 43 ± 7 | |
ISOBUTYL | 3 μg | 37 ± 12 | |
SALICYLATE | 10 μg | 47 ± 3 | |
33 μg | 50 ± 8 | ||
100 μg | 49 ± 5 | ||
333 μg | 34 ± 4 | ||
1000 μg | 32 ± 3 | ||
2500 μg | 41 ± 1 | ||
5000 μg | 36 ± 8 | ||
MMS | 2.0 μL | 1135 ± 75 | |
With | DMSO | 44 ± 7 | |
Activation | Untreated | 44 ± 12 | |
ISOBUTYL | 3 μg | 42 ± 6 | |
SALICYLATE | 10 μg | 42 ± 5 | |
33 μg | 44 ± 11 | ||
100 μg | 43 ± 14 | ||
333 μg | 47 ± 9 | ||
1000 μg | 51 ± 4 | ||
2500 μg | 39 ± 9 | ||
5000 μg | 33 ± 8 | ||
2-AA | 10.0 μg | 431 ± 55 |
Summary of experiment II
Metabolic Activation |
Test Group |
Dose Level (per plate) |
Revertant Colony Counts (Mean ±SD) | ||||
TA 1535 | TA 1537 | TA 98 | TA 100 | WP2 uvrA | |||
Without | DMSO | 15 ± 5 | 9 ± 2 | 22 ± 2 | 153 ± 9 | 39 ± 6 | |
Activation | Untreated | 17 ± 3 | 9 ± 3 | 27 ± 10 | 187 ± 7 | 43 ± 2 | |
ISOBUTYL | 0.3 μg | 9 ± 1 | 150 ± 11 | ||||
SALICYLATE | 1 μg | 11 ± 2 | 144 ± 14 | ||||
3 μg | 12 ± 1 | 147 ± 19 | |||||
10 μg | 13 ± 3 | 13 ± 2 | 26 ± 9 | 157 ± 8 | 42 ± 6 | ||
33 μg | 14 ± 3 | 9 ± 3 | 22 ± 1 | 105 ± 7 | 52 ± 5 | ||
100 μg | 9 ± 2 | 10 ± 2 R | 22 ± 7 | 58 ± 18 R | 40 ± 4 | ||
333 μg | 11 ± 1 | 3 ± 1 M R | 23 ± 10 R | 57 ± 10 M R | 39 ± 4 | ||
1000 μg | 10 ± 3 R | 4 ± 2 M R | 11 ± 3 M R | 41 ± 8 M R | 45 ± 11 | ||
2500 μg | 13 ± 3 R | 1 ± 1 M R | 13 ± 1 M R | 21 ± 3 M R | 36 ± 2 | ||
5000 μg | 17 ± 2 R | 9 ± 1 M R | 37 ± 8 | ||||
NaN3 | 10 μg | 1268 ± | 2344 ± 86 | ||||
57 | |||||||
4-NOPD | 10 μg | 406 ± 21 | |||||
4-NOPD | 50 μg | 69 ± 11 | |||||
MMS | 2.0 μL | 762 ± 9 | |||||
With | DMSO | 12 ± 4 | 9 ± 2 | 37 ± 9 | 118 ± 8 | 56 ± 7 | |
Activation | Untreated | 10 ± 3 | 10 ± 3 | 36 ± 4 | 186 ± 14 | 61 ± 7 | |
ISOBUTYL | 0.3 μg | 12 ± 2 | 113 ± 11 | ||||
SALICYLATE | 1 μg | 8 ± 2 | 130 ± 2 | ||||
3 μg | 10 ± 1 | 122 ± 16 | |||||
10 μg | 12 ± 5 | 7 ± 2 | 29 ± 3 | 113 ± 3 | 50 ± 8 | ||
33 μg | 11 ± 3 | 12 ± 2 | 27 ± 5 | 101 ± 2 | 55 ± 3 | ||
100 μg | 10 ± 4 | 7 ± 3 | 28 ± 3 | 114 ± 9 R | 59 ± 10 | ||
333 μg | 10 ± 5 | 9 ± 2 R | 35 ± 10 R | 51 ± 9 R | 56 ± 8 | ||
1000 μg | 13 ± 2 R | 1 ± 1 M R | 15 ± 4 M R | 13 ± 3 M R | 49 ± 11 | ||
2500 μg | 3 ± 1 R | 1 ± 0 M R | 7 ± 2 M R | 14 ± 2 M R | 45 ± 11 | ||
5000 μg | 0 ± 0 R | 2 ± 1 M R | 46 ± 1 | ||||
2-AA | 2.5 μg | 83 ± 1 | 3843 ± 77 | 4598 ± 151 | |||
2-AA | 10.0 μg | 367 ± 32 | 333 ± 17 |
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (negative)
Genetic toxicity in vivo
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
Ames test
This study was performed to investigate the potential of the test item to induce gene mutations according to the plate incorporation test (experiment I and Ia) and the pre-incubation test (experiment II) using the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100, and the Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA. The test was performet according to OECD TG 471 and in compliance to GLP.
The assay was performed in three independent experiments both with and without liver microsomal activation. Each concentration, including the controls, was tested in triplicate. The test item was tested at the following concentrations:
Pre-Experiment/Experiment I & Ia: 3; 10; 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000 μg/plate
Experiment II:
Strains TA 1537 and TA 100: 0.3; 1; 3; 10; 33; 100; 333; 1000; and 2500 μg/plate
The remaining strains: 10; 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000 μg/plate
The test item precipitated in the overlay agar in the test tubes from 1000 to 5000 μg/plate. No precipitation of the test item was observed in the overlay agar on the incubated agar plates.
The plates incubated with the test item showed reduced background growth in all strains with and without S9, except of strain WP2 uvrA. Toxic effects, evident as a reduction in the number of revertants (below the indication factor of 0.5), occurred in all strains, except of strain WP2 uvrA.
No substantial increase in revertant colony numbers of any of the five tester strains was observed following treatment with the test item at any concentration level, neither in the presence nor absence of metabolic activation (S9 mix). There was also no tendency of higher mutation rates with increasing concentrations in the range below the generally acknowledged border of biological relevance. Appropriate reference mutagens were used as positive controls. They showed a distinct in-crease in induced revertant colonies.
In conclusion, it can be stated that during the described mutagenicity test and under the experimental conditions reported, the test item did not induce gene mutations by base pair changes or frameshifts in the genome of the strains used.
Therefore, the test item is considered to be non-mutagenic in this Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli reverse mutation assay.
Justification for classification or non-classification
Ames test
No biologically relevant increases in revertant colony numbers of any of the five tester strains were observed following treatment with the test item at any concentration level, neither in the presence nor absence of metabolic activation in both independent experiments.
Therefore, the test item is considered to be non-mutagenic in this bacterial reverse mutation assay.
In conclusion, the test substance should not be considered as genotoxic/mutagenic according to the EU Regulation No. 1272/2008, section 3.5.
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