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EC number: 214-490-0 | CAS number: 1135-24-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Genetic toxicity in vitro
Description of key information
Only two in vitro studies are available on ferulic acid.
In the first study (sasaki et al 1989), the influence of 21 kinds of components of plant essence including ferulic acid on spontaneous as well as on mitomycin C, UV- and X-ray-induced Sister Chromatide Exchanges (SCEs) was investigated. The ferulic acid did not influence cell cycle (data not shown) and spontaneous SCEs at the concentrations used ( 0, 0.641, 1.94, 6.41, 19.4, 64.1 μg/ml).
In the second study (shimoi et al 1985), only few information are available, ferulic acid is just qualified as not mutagenic.
These two studies are not sufficient to conclude regarding the genotoxic properties of ferulic acide.
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- in vitro DNA damage and/or repair study
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 1989
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- This study was designed to investigate the influence of 21 kinds of components of plant essence including ferulic acid on spontaneous as well as on mitomycin C, UV- and X-ray-induced SCEs.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of assay:
- sister chromatid exchange assay in mammalian cells
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- The components of plant essence tested were as follows: anethol, benzaldehyde, caffeic acid, DLcamphene, caryophyllene, cineole, citronellal, cuminal aldehyde, ellagic acid, eugenol, ferulic acid, geraniol, isoeugenol, jasmone, d-(+)- limonene, linallol, I-phellandrene, alpha-pinene, pulegonol, scopoletin and timole. Eight analogues of caffeic acid and ferulic acid investigated were 3-phenyl propylaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamyl acetate, cinnamic acid, cinnamide, methyl cinnamate, ethyl cinnamate, and vinyl cinnamate.
Ferulic acid:
Ferulic acid was purchased from Tokyo Kasei Kogyo, Tokyo.
Ferulic acid was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The final concentration of DMSO in the medium was 0.5 % - Species / strain / cell type:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- Cells and media:
Chinese hamster K-I (CHO K-l) cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, cloned in our laboratory and grown in Ham's F12 medium in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 at 37°C. The medium was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 50 IU/ml penicillin G, 50 µg/ml streptomycin sulfate and 2.5 µg/ml fungizon. Medium and all antibiotics were obtained from Flow Laboratories, Inc. (U.S.A.). - Metabolic activation:
- without
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- 0, 1.0, 3.3, 10, 33.3, 100 μM Corresponding to 0, 0.641, 1.94, 6.41, 19.4, 64.1 μg/ml (Calculated based on molecular weight = 194.19.)
- Vehicle / solvent:
- - Vehicle used: Ferulic acid was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The final concentration of DMSO in the medium was 0.5 %
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Metabolic activation:
- without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Additional information on results:
- Results:
- The ferulic acid did not influence cell cycle (data not shown) and spontaneous SCEs at the concentrations used (0, 0.641, 1.94, 6.41, 19.4, 164.1 μg/ml)
- Post-treatment of mitomycin C treated cells with the ferulic acid increased the frequency of induced SCEs in a dose-related manner. The effect was statistically significant (p<0.001) at the two highest non toxic concentrations ( 33.3 and 100 μM).
- The frequency of SCEs induced by UV was significantly increased by treatment with ferulic acid at 10 (0.001
Additionnal results:
These results suggest that an alpha beta-unsaturated carbonyl group may be necessary for the SCE- enhancing effect.
The frequency of X ray- induced SCEs was decreased when cells in the G1 phase were treated with caffeic acid or ferulic acid. The frequency of UV-induced SCEs was, however, increased when cells in the S phase were treated with these compounds. - Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- spontaneous SCEs at the concentrations used.
- Conclusions:
- The ferulic acid did not influence cell cycle (data not shown) and spontaneous SCEs at the concentrations used i.e. 0, 0.641, 1.94, 6.41, 19.4, 64.1 μg/ml
- Executive summary:
This study was designed to investigate the influence of 21 kinds of components of plant essence including ferulic acid on spontaneous as well as on mitomycin C, UV- and X-ray-induced SCEs.
As results:
- The ferulic acid did not influence cell cycle (data not shown) and spontaneous SCEs at the concentrations used (0, 0.641, 1.94, 6.41, 19.4, 64.1 μg/ml)
- Post-treatment of mitomycin C treated cells with the ferulic acid significantly increased the frequency of induced SCEs in a dose-related manner.
Further investigation of the SCE-enhancing effect of analogues of caffeic acid and ferulic acid revealed that an alpha beta -unsaturated carbonyl group
may be necessary for SCE-enhancing effects.
-The influence of ferulic acid on X-ray- or UV-induced SCEs was also studied. The frequencies of SCEs induced by UV were increased by treatment with this compound. This increasing effect was observed in the S phase of the cell cycle. On the contrary, X-ray-induced SCEs were reduced by the treatment with this compound. The decreasing effect was observed in the G1 phase but not in the S or G2 phase. To explain these contradictory results, the authors assumed that ferulic acid may modify the repair of DNA strand breaks.
Reference
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (negative)
Genetic toxicity in vivo
Description of key information
No in vivo study is available on feurlic acid.
Additional information
Justification for classification or non-classification
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