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EC number: 203-457-6 | CAS number: 107-05-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Epidemiological data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- epidemiological data
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- disregarded due to major methodological deficiencies
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: - no guideline followed - overview article only
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 985
Materials and methods
- Study type:
- case control study (retrospective)
- Endpoint addressed:
- neurotoxicity
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Retrospective epidemiologic study after several cases of polyneuropathy were observed among workers.
- 26 workers of factory A and 27 workers of factory B
- a questionaire about occupational history, symptoms, past illness, and family history.
- Physical and neurological examinations (including ENMG), visual acuity and visual field detection, skin temperature measurement and rheography
- determination of clinical chemical, hematologic and urinalysis parameters - GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 3-chloropropene
- EC Number:
- 203-457-6
- EC Name:
- 3-chloropropene
- Cas Number:
- 107-05-1
- Molecular formula:
- C3H5Cl
- IUPAC Name:
- 3-chloroprop-1-ene
- Details on test material:
- no data, workers were exposed to 3-chloropropene, sodium sulphite and allyl sulphonate in unknown purities
Constituent 1
Method
- Type of population:
- occupational
- Ethical approval:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- HYPOTHESIS TESTED (if cohort or case control study):
confirmation of neurotoxicity of 3-chloropropene
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
- Type: Questionnaire, Work history, Clinical tests and Exposure concentration measurement
- Details: All subjects were given detailed questionaires about occupational history, symptoms, past illness, and family history. Physical and neurological examinations, visual acuity and visual field detection, skin temperature measurement, rheography of extremities, and electrocardiography were done.
Electroneuromyography (ENMG) was carried out with a DISA 1500 type EMG system recording muscle potentials from hands and legs and measuring motor conduction velocities of median, ulnar and lateral popliteal nerves, and sensory conduction velocities of median, ulnar and sural nerves, and sensory conduction velocities of median, ulnar and sural nerves.
Laboratory tests included routine blood and urine tests, liver function (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, thymol turbidity and thymol flocculation test), blood glucose, electrolytes, nonprotein nitrogen, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and PSP test.
Electroencephalogram, basal metabolic rate, blood lactic dehydrogenase, serum and urine protein electrophoresis were also done in some of the
subjects.
STUDY PERIOD:
Epidemiological surveys, clinical observations and follow-up studies on the 3-chloropropene exposed workers and intoxicated patients in two factories manufacturing sodium allyl sulphonate were done within 1973-1982.
SETTING:
STUDY POPULATION
- Total population (Total no. of persons in cohort from which the subjects were drawn): all workers of the factories
- Selection criteria: no selection described, probably all workers included
- Total number of subjects participating in study: 53
- Sex/age/race: factory A: female, 20 - 51 yrs, chinese; factory B: 14 male/13 female, 18 - 41 yrs, chinese
- Smoker/nonsmoker: not reported
- Total number of subjects at end of study: 53
- Matching criteria: no matching criteria defined, all exposed worker were analyzed
controls are mentioned in a table on nerve conduction velocity but no details were reported concerning this control group (46 - 50 persons)
COMPARISON POPULATION
- no details reported
HEALTH EFFECTS STUDIED
- see above under METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION - Exposure assessment:
- measured
- Details on exposure:
- TYPE OF EXPOSURE:
inhalation of vapours
TYPE OF EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT: not decribed in detail, very likely area air sampling
EXPOSURE LEVELS:
factory A: 2.6 - 6'6650 mg/m³ (= 0.84 - 2'145 ppm, calculated with 1 ppm = 3.1 mg/m³)
factory B: 0.2 - 25.13 mg/m³ (= 0.065 - 8.1 ppm)
EXPOSURE PERIOD:
factory A: 2.5 mo - 6 yrs
factory B: 1 - 4.5 yrs
POSTEXPOSURE PERIOD: not clearly reported
DESCRIPTION / DELINEATION OF EXPOSURE GROUPS / CATEGORIES: not specified - Statistical methods:
- not reported
Results and discussion
- Results:
- Factory A:
- Observations :
Initial complaints of lacrymation and sneezing in all workers gradually diminishing. Most workers developed numbness, tingling, cramping pains and weakness in the distal part of the extremities. Shortest latent period 2 months.
2/3rds of thegroup showed symmetrical distal sensory deficits and there was decreased muscular strength in 57% of these. Ankle reflexes reduced in 42.3%. No muscular atrophy. EMG abnormalities of the type described above were observed in 10/19 subjects examined. Insomnia, dizziness
and anorexia were rare.
No other changes attributable to 3-chloropropene exposure were found on physical, haematological or routine clinical chemical examination. The affected workers were diagnosed as exhibiting toxic polyneuropathy due to allyl chloride overexposure.
- Treatment:
Workers were removed from exposure to allyl chloride and treated with Vitamins B1, B6, B12, ATP, Securine and traditional Chinese medicines. Some patients took acupuncture and physiotherapy. After 2-4 months treatment, the majority of patients showed steady improvement of symptoms, but in severe cases ankle reflex loss and EMG abnormalities remained for years.
Factory B:
- Observations: Symptoms were similar to those described above for Factory A, but milder and without eye and upper respiratory tract irritation.
The cramping pain was reduced and few abnormal neurological signs were found. EMG investigation revealed an increase in polyphasic potentials and increased duration of motor unit potentials without any denervation potentials in 13/27 workers examined. The degree of peripheral neuropathy was
much less in this group of workers.
No other changes attributable to 3-chloropropene exposure were found on physical, haematological or routine clinical chemical examination.
- Treatment:
Same as for workers of Factory A
Confounding factors:
Not clearly discussed but declared that "Possible etiological factors of neuropathy except exposure to allyl chloride were excluded". - Confounding factors:
- not reported
- Strengths and weaknesses:
- exposure levels not clearly definable, confounding factors not clearly discussed though noted that they have been excluded
Any other information on results incl. tables
- Table 1: General aspects of the two exposed groups
groups |
No. of subjects |
age |
sex |
Exposure level of 3-chloropropene (mg/m3) |
exposure duration |
|
M |
F |
|||||
Factory A |
26 |
20-51 |
0 |
26 |
2.6 - 6650 |
2.5 m - 6 y |
Factory B |
27 |
18- 41 |
14 |
13 |
0 - 25.13 |
1 y - 4.5 y |
- Table 2: Symptons and signs
symptoms and signs |
Factory A |
Factory B |
||
No. |
% |
|
No. |
|
Symptoms |
|
|
|
|
weakness of extremities |
24 |
92.3 |
18 |
66.7 |
cramping pain |
17 |
65.3 |
5 |
18.5 |
tingling sensation |
15 |
57.6 |
9 |
33.3 |
numbness in hands and feet |
10 |
38.5 |
11 |
40.7 |
coldness in hands and feet |
8 |
30.7 |
8 |
29.6 |
dizziness |
6 |
23.1 |
10 |
37.0 |
insomnia |
7 |
26.9 |
5 |
18.5 |
anorexia |
5 |
19.2 |
1 |
3.7 |
Signs |
|
|
|
|
Distal sensory impairment pain pain |
17 |
65.3 |
4 |
14.8 |
light touch |
16 |
61.5 |
0 |
0 |
vibration sensation |
16 |
61.5 |
1 |
3.7 |
position sensation |
6 |
23.1 |
0 |
0 |
decreased muscular strength |
15 |
57.6 |
0 |
0 |
diminished ankle reflexes |
11 |
42.3 |
2 |
7.4 |
tenderness in calf muscles |
5 |
19.2 |
2 |
7.4 |
enlarged liver |
2 |
7.6 |
0 |
0 |
- Table 3: Electromyographic changes
Groups |
Factory A (19 subjects) |
Factory B (27subjects) |
||
hands |
legs |
hands |
legs |
|
No. of muscles sampled |
20 |
34 |
39 |
27 |
Insertional activity |
20 |
34 |
39 |
27 |
prolonged |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Spontaneous potentials |
3 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
positive sharp waves |
0 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
Motor unit potentials |
20 |
34 |
12 |
25 |
prolonged |
0 |
0 |
27 |
2 |
polyphasic potentials |
18 |
30 |
17 |
25 |
increased |
2 |
4 |
22 |
2 |
Recruitment of motor units |
3 |
4 |
35 |
26 |
reduced interference pattern |
16 |
23 |
4 |
1 |
discrete pattern |
1 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
- Table 4: Comparison of nerve conduction between the control group and two exposed groups
nerves examined |
MCV Mean ± SD (m/s) |
distal latency Mean ± SD (m/s) |
||||||||
control |
Factory |
p |
Factory |
|
control |
Factory A |
p |
Factory B |
p |
|
Median nerve |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No. examined |
46 |
5 |
|
27 |
|
46 |
5 |
|
27 |
|
elbow - wrist |
60.28 ± |
57.36 ± |
|
56.3 ± |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.27 |
4.19 |
> 0.05 |
7.3 |
<0.05 |
|
|
|
|
|
wrist - APB |
|
|
|
|
|
3.63 ± |
5.16 ± |
|
3.96 t |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.56 |
0.22 |
<0.01 |
0.67 |
<0.05 |
Lat. Popliteal N. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No. examined |
50 |
9 |
|
26 |
|
50 |
9 |
|
26 |
|
popliteal-ankle |
55.68 ± |
46.24 ± |
|
51.09 ± |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.32 |
1.67 |
<0.001 |
6.65 |
<0.01 |
|
|
|
|
|
ankle - EDB |
|
|
|
|
|
4.53 ± |
6.38 ± |
|
4.35 ± |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.7 |
0.37 |
<0.01 |
1.28 |
>0.05 |
MCV----motor conduction velocity;
APB----musculus abductor pollicis brevis;
EDB----musculus extensor digitorum brevis.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Executive summary:
In the present study (He 1985) an epidemionlogical study was conducted on chinese workers of two different factories exposed to vapours of 3 -chloropropene at levels of 2.6 - 6'6650 mg/m³ (= 0.84 - 2'145 ppm, factory A, 1970 - 1977) and 0.2 - 25.13 mg/m³ (= 0.065 - 8.1 ppm, factory B, 1978 - 1982) for 2.5 mo - 6 yrs (factory A) and 1 - 4.5 yrs (factory B). The groups consisted of 26 female workers, 20 - 51 yrs of age for factory A and 14 male and 13 female workers, 18 - 41 yrs of age for factory B. The study was conducted from 1973 to 1982.
All subjects were given detailed questionaires about occupational history, symptoms, past illness, and family history. Physical and neurological examinations, visual acuity and visual field detection, skin temperature measurement, rheography of extremities, and electrocardiography were done.
Electroneuromyography (ENMG) was carried out with a DISA 1500 type EMG system recording muscle potentials from hands and legs and measuring motor conduction velocities of median, ulnar and lateral popliteal nerves, and sensory conduction velocities of median, ulnar and sural nerves, and sensory conduction velocities of median, ulnar and sural nerves.
Laboratory tests included routine blood and urine tests, liver function (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, thymol turbidity and thymol flocculation test), blood glucose, electrolytes, nonprotein nitrogen, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and PSP test. Electroencephalogram, basal metabolic rate, blood lactic dehydrogenase, serum and urine protein electrophoresis were also done in some of the subjects.
For the group of workers the following observations were made:
Initial complaints of lacrymation and sneezing in all workers gradually diminishing. Most workers developed numbness, tingling, cramping pains and weakness in the distal part of the extremities. Shortest latent period 2 months.
2/3rds of the group showed symmetrical distal sensory deficits and there was decreased muscular strength in 57% of these. Ankle reflexes reduced in 42.3%. No muscular atrophy. EMG abnormalities of the type described above were observed in 10/19 subjects examined. Insomnia, dizziness and anorexia were rare.
No other changes attributable to 3-chloropropene exposure were found on physical, haematological or routine clinical chemical examination. The affected workers were diagnosed as exhibiting toxic polyneuropathy due to allyl chloride overexposure.
In the group of workers from factory B which were generally lower exposed the following observations were made:
Symptoms were similar to those described above for Factory A, but milder and without eye and upper respiratory tract irritation.
The cramping pain was reduced and few abnormal neurological signs were found. EMG investigation revealed an increase in polyphasic potentials and increased duration of motor unit potentials without any denervation potentials in 13/27 workers examined. The degree of peripheral neuropathy was much less in this group of workers.
No other changes attributable to 3-chloropropene exposure were found on physical, haematological or routine clinical chemical examination.
Confounding factors:
Not clearly discussed but declared that "Possible etiological factors of neuropathy except exposure to allyl chloride were excluded".
As treatment workers were removed from exposure to allyl chloride and treated with Vitamins B1, B6, B12, ATP, Securine and traditional Chinese medicines. Some patients took acupuncture and physiotherapy. After 2-4 months treatment, the majority of patients showed steady improvement of symptoms, but in severe cases ankle reflex loss and EMG abnormalities remained for years.
The incidence of polyneuropathy in workers exposed to 3 -chloropropene vapours was found to be dose related.
The symptoms were persistent, some lasting for years in severe cases.
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