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EC number: 231-104-6 | CAS number: 7439-95-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Sensitisation data (human)
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- sensitisation data (humans)
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Well documented publication.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Human pulmonary responses to experimental inhalation of high concentration fine and ultrafine magnesium oxide particles
- Author:
- Kuschner, W.G.; et al.
- Year:
- 1 997
- Bibliographic source:
- Environ. Health Perspectives, Vol. 105, No. 11, 1234-1237
Materials and methods
- Type of sensitisation studied:
- respiratory
- Study type:
- study with volunteers
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Characterisation of human pulmonary responses to controlled experimental high-dose exposure to fine and ultrafine magnesium oxide particles.
The autors exposed six normal volunteer subjects to inhaled purified magnesium oxide particles. The autors produced metal oxide fume with a furnace system under controlled conditions and quantified cumulative magnesium oxide dose for each exposure. The autors assessed partide size and particle shape by cascade impactor analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The autors analyzed pulmonary inflammatory cell and cytokine responses 20 hr postexposure by analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and we compared these findings with paired control BAL samples in the same six subjects obtained without prior magnesium oxide exposure. They also compared peripheral blood neutrophil and pulmonary function 18 hr postexposure with baseline values. The investigation was approved by the University of California, San Francisco, Committee on Human Research. - GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Magnesium oxide
- EC Number:
- 215-171-9
- EC Name:
- Magnesium oxide
- Cas Number:
- 1309-48-4
- IUPAC Name:
- magnesium oxide
- Test material form:
- aerosol dispenser: not specified
- Remarks:
- migrated information: aerosol
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Magnesium oxide dust
-particles were fine (<2.5 micron in diameter).
Constituent 1
Method
- Type of population:
- general
- Ethical approval:
- confirmed, but no further information available
- Subjects:
- Subjects: 6 healthy volunteers, 4 male and 2 female subjects, 3 smokers and 3 non-smokers, aged between 21 and 43.
Treatment: Inhalation of fine and ultrafine magnesium oxide particles produced from a furnace system model. Individual exposure concentrations were (duration in parentheses) 5.8 (45 min), 230 (15 min), 210 (20 min), 123 (45 min), 110 (45 min), and 143 (45 min) mg/m³, given as MgO. By weight, 28 % of the fume particles were ultrafine (<0.1 µm in diameter) and over 98 % of fume particles were fine (<2.5 µm in diameter).
Subjects inhaled magnesium oxide fume with medical-grade air through a mouth-breathing face mask.
Observations: 18 to 20 hours after inhalation, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell and cytokine concentrations, pulmonary function and peripheral blood neutrophil concentrations were quantified. Post-exposure studies were compared with control studies from the same 6 subjects. - Route of administration:
- inhalation
- Details on study design:
- The autors produced controlled quantities of freshly generated purified magnesium oxide fume utilizing a furnace system design originally developed by McCarthy and colleagues, which the autors later used in human zinc oxide studies. The autors assessed fume partide size by cascade impactor analysis. The autors used a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI), model no. 110, with an operation flow rate of 30 I/min (MSP Corporation, Minneapolis, MN).
The MOUDI cut points were inlet cut point, 18 pm; stages 1-10 (in pm), 10, 5.6, 3.2, 1.8, 1.0, 0.56, 0.32, 0.18, 0.1, 0.056. By weight, over 98% of fume particles were fine or ultrafine and 98.6% were less than 1.8 pm in diameter. The greatest percentage (42.0%) of particles by weight were between 0.1 and 0.18 pm in diameter; 28.6% of partides were ultrafine (<0.1 pm in diameter). The total concentration during partide size sampling was 90.6 mg/m3. For comparison, is the partide size distribution for zinc oxide particles generated by the same furnace system and used in a previously published experimental inhalation investigation .
The autors quantified magnesium concentration for each experimental exposure by sampling a known volume filtered through a cellulose acetate membrane (0.22 pm pore), which was analyzed for metallic magnesium by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission (D & M Laboratories, Petaluma, CA, and Data Chem Laboratories, Cincinnati, OH).
The autors carried out exposures over a range of magnesium oxide concentrations. The median magnesium concentration (range) was 133.0 mg/m3 (5.8-230.0 mg/m3). The autors varied exposure time in order to produce a range of cumulative exposures; exposure duration was determined prior to exposure. They calculated cumulative exposure levels as the cross-product of the concentration of magnesium oxide, measured as metallic magnesium in milligrams per cubic meter, times the duration of the inhalation exposure expressed in minutes (min x mg/m3). Cumulative magnesium exposure ranged from 261 to 6,435 min x mg/mi3.
Subjects inhaled magnesium oxide fume with medical-grade air through a mouth-breathing face mask. All subjects completed an exposure in full without discomfort or difficulty. Subjects were asked to record their body temperature during the evening following the afternoon exposure and to document any symptoms including flulike symptoms of myalgias, fatigue, and rigors.
Results and discussion
- Results of examinations:
- Symptoms, pulmonary function, and peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte concentrations.
None of the subjects documented a fever or reported symptoms postexposure consistent with classic metal fume fever (myalgia, malaise, headache, or respiratory complaints). There was no overall postexposure fall in pulmonary function; slight increases in TLC (mean increase of 100 cc) and DLCO (mean increase of 0.9 ml/min/mm Hg) were not statistically significant. There was a mean decrease of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte concentrations postexposure of 1.1 x 10-3 ± 1.0 x 10-3 (SE)/mm3 compared with baseline, which was also not statistically significant (p>0.3).
Bronchoalveolar lavage cells and cytokines.
There were no significant differences in BAL inflammatory cell concentrations, BAL interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor, pulmonary function, or peripheral blood neutrophil concentrations postexposure compared with control. Our findings suggest that high-dose fine and ultrafine magnesium oxide particle exposure does not produce a measurable pulmonary inflammatory response. These findings are in marked contrast with the well-described pulmonary inflammatory response following zinc oxide particle inhalation. They conclude that fine and ultrafine particle inhalation does not result in toxicity in a generic manner independent of particle composition
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Inhalation of fine and ultrafine particulate magnesium oxide did not result in a symptomatic response or in any meaningful changes in lung function or in BAL concentrations of proinflammatory cells or cytokines at 20-hr follow-up.
- Executive summary:
Exposure to air polluted with particles less than 2.5 micron in size is associated epidemiologically with adverse cardiopulmonary health consequences in humans. The goal of this study was to characterize human pulmonary responses to controlled experimental high-dose exposure to fine and ultrafine magnesium oxide particles.The autorsquantified bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell and cytokine concentrations, pulmonary function, and peripheral blood neutrophil concentrations in six healthy volunteers 18 to 20 hr after inhalation of fine and ultrafine magnesium oxide particles produced from a furnace system model.The autorscompared postexposure studies with control studies from the same six subjects. Mean +/- standard deviation (SD) cumulative magnesium dose was 4,138 +/- 2,163 min x mg/m3. By weight, 28% of fume particles were ultrafine (<0.1 micron in diameter) and over 98% of fume particles were fine (<2.5 micron in diameter).
There were no significant differences in BAL inflammatory cell concentrations, BAL interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor, pulmonary function, or peripheral blood neutrophil concentrations postexposure compared with control. Our findings suggest that high-dose fine and ultrafine magnesium oxide particle exposure does not produce a measurable pulmonary inflammatory response. These findings are in marked contrast with the well-described pulmonary inflammatory response following zinc oxide particle inhalation.Theyconclude that fine and ultrafine particle inhalation does not result in toxicity in a generic manner independent of particle composition. Our findings support the concept that particle chemical composition, in addition to particle size, is an important determinant of respiratory effects.
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