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EC number: 263-000-1 | CAS number: 61788-71-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Ecotoxicological Summary
Administrative data
Hazard for aquatic organisms
Freshwater
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC aqua (freshwater)
- PNEC value:
- 6.15 µg/L
- Assessment factor:
- 1 000
- Extrapolation method:
- assessment factor
Marine water
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC aqua (marine water)
- PNEC value:
- 0.615 µg/L
- Assessment factor:
- 10 000
- Extrapolation method:
- assessment factor
STP
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC STP
- PNEC value:
- 0.142 mg/L
- Assessment factor:
- 100
- Extrapolation method:
- assessment factor
Sediment (freshwater)
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC sediment (freshwater)
- PNEC value:
- 30.73 mg/kg sediment dw
- Extrapolation method:
- equilibrium partitioning method
Sediment (marine water)
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC sediment (marine water)
- PNEC value:
- 3.07 mg/kg sediment dw
- Extrapolation method:
- equilibrium partitioning method
Hazard for air
Air
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Hazard for terrestrial organisms
Soil
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC soil
- PNEC value:
- 6.138 mg/kg soil dw
- Extrapolation method:
- equilibrium partitioning method
Hazard for predators
Secondary poisoning
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC oral
- PNEC value:
- 1.11 mg/kg food
- Assessment factor:
- 10
Additional information
Metal carboxylates are substances consisting of a metal cation and a carboxylic acid anion. Based on the solubility of naphthenic acids, nickel salts in water, a complete dissociation of naphthenic acids, nickel salts resulting in nickel cations and naphthenate anions may be assumed under environmental conditions. The respective dissociation is reversible, and the ratio of the salt /dissociated ions is dependent on the metal-ligand dissociation constant of the salt, the composition of the solution and its pH.
A metal-ligand complexation constant of naphthenic acids, nickel salts could not be identified. According to the Irving-Williams series, stability constants formed by divalent first-row transition metal ions generally increase to a maximum stability of copper (Mn(II) < Fe(II) < Co(II) < Ni(II) < Cu(II) > Zn(II)). However, based on an analysis by Carbonaro et al. (2007) of monodentate binding of nickel to negatively-charged oxygen donor atoms, including carboxylic functional groups, monodentate ligands such as naphtenate anions are not expected to bind strongly with nickel, especially when compared to polydentate (chelating) ligands. Accordingly, protons will always out-compete nickel ions for complexation of monodentate ligands given equal activities of free nickel and hydrogen ions. The metal-ligand formation constants (log KML) of nickel with other carboxylic acids, i.e. acetic and benzoic acid, ranging from 0.41 to 1.81 (Bunting & Thong, 1970), further point to a low to moderate strength of the monodentate bond between carboxyl groups and nickel.
The analysis by Carbonaro & Di Toro (2007) suggests that the following equation models monodentate binding to negatively-charged oxygen donor atoms of carboxylic functional groups:
log KML= αO* log KHL+ βO; where
KML is the metal-ligand formation constant, KHL is the corresponding proton–ligand formation constant, and αO and βO are termed the slope and intercept, respectively. Applying the equation and parameters derived by Carbonaro & Di Toro (2007) and the pKa of naphthenic acid of 4.72 results in:
log KML= 0.295 * 4.72 + 0.055
log KML= 1.45 (estimated nickel-naphthenate formation constant).
Thus, in the assessment of environmental toxicity and pathways ofnaphthenic acids, nickel salts, read-across to the assessment entities naphthenate and soluble nickel substances is applied since the individual ions ofnaphthenic acids, nickel saltsdetermine its environmental toxicity. Since nickel ions and naphthenate ions behave differently in the environment, regarding their toxicity, a separate assessment of each assessment entity is performed. Please refer to the data as submitted for each individual assessment entity. For a documentation and justification of that approach, please refer to the separate document attached to section 13, namely Read Across Assessment Report for naphthenic acids, nickel salts.
Reference: Carbonaro RF & Di Toro DM (2007) Linear free energy relationships for metal–ligand complexation: Monodentate binding to negatively-charged oxygen donor atoms. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71: 3958–3968. Bunting, J. W., & Thong, K. M. (1970). Stability constants for some 1: 1 metal–carboxylate complexes. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 48(11), 1654-1656. Chemistry, 48(11), 1654-1656.
Conclusion on classification
Aquatic toxicity studies of naphthenic acids, nickel salts are not available. Thus, read-across to the assessment entities soluble nickel substances and naphthenic acid is applied since the ions of naphthenic acids, nickel salts determine its fate and toxicity in the environment. Reliable data available for soluble nickel substances and naphthenate indicate that the moiety of ecotoxicological concern are nickel cations. Thus, the aquatic hazard assessment is based on the most toxic moiety, i.e. nickel cations, and acute and chronic ecotoxicity reference values of nickel are recalculated for naphthenic acids, nickel salts based on a maximum nickel content of 10.8 %.
Acute (short-term aquatic) hazard: Based on the lowest identified acute ecotoxicity reference value of 68 µg Ni/L for nickel ions at pH 8 and a maximum nickel content of naphthenic acids, nickel salts of 10.8 %, the acute ecotoxicity reference value recalculated for naphthenic acids, nickel salts amounts to 629.6 µg/L naphthenic acids, nickel salts. Therefore, naphthenic acids, nickel salts meets classification criteria of acute (short-term) aquatic hazard Category 1 of Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 with an acute M-Factor of 1.
Long-term (chronic) aquatic hazard: Based on the lowest identified chronic ecotoxicity reference value of 2.4 µg Ni/L for nickel ions and a maximum nickel content of naphthenic acids, nickel salts of 10.8 %, the chronic ERV recalculated for naphthenic acids, nickel salts amounts to 22.2 µg/L naphthenic acids, nickel salts.
The chronic ecotoxicity reference value of 22.2 µg/L is compared to criteria for long-term aquatic hazard classification according to Regulation (EC) 1272/2008, taking into account that nickel ions are removed from the water column. Based on available evidence (please refer to “conclusions on classification” of the respective assessment entity nickel), more than 70% of dissolved nickel is removed within 28 days under most “environmentally relevant” conditions. Nickel is therefore considered rapidly removeable (i.e. equivalent to “rapid degradation” for organic substances).
Based on the chronic ecotoxicity reference value of 22.2 µg/l, naphthenic acids, nickel salts meets classification criteria of long-term aquatic hazard Category 2 in accordance with Table 4.1.0 (b) (ii) of Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008.
Thus, naphthenic acids, nickel salts meets classification criteria of acute aquatic hazard Category 1 (M-factor 1) and long-term aquatic hazard Category 2 according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 and subsequent adaptations.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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