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EC number: 265-025-3 | CAS number: 64704-23-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vitro
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1983
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Mutagenicity of Glutathione and Cysteine in the Ames Test
- Author:
- Glatt H, Protic-Sabljic M, Oesch F
- Year:
- 1 983
- Bibliographic source:
- Science 220 (4600), 961-963
- Report date:
- 1983
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Principle of test:
Ames test (Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay) with histidine-dependent strain.
- Short description of test conditions: Postmitochondrial supernatant was prepared from homogenates of kidney and lvier from untreated adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Histidine-dependent bacteria of Salmonella typhimurium TA100, the subcellular fraction from 100 mg of tissue with or without an NADPH-generating system, a neutralized solution of the test compound in water, and histidine-poor soft agar were mixed and added to culture plates containing minimal agar. The colonies that reverted to histidine independence were counted after 2 days' incubation in the dark.
- Parameters analysed / observed: Number of revertants per plate - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Cystine
- EC Number:
- 200-296-3
- EC Name:
- Cystine
- Cas Number:
- 56-89-3
- Molecular formula:
- C6H12N2O4S2
- IUPAC Name:
- cystine
- Test material form:
- solid: particulate/powder
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Cysteine sourced from three different manufacturers: Boehringer, Sigma and Merck
Method
- Target gene:
- Histidine
Species / strainopen allclose all
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 1538
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- liver or kidney S9 (postmitochondrial supernatant)
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 mM (according to figure)
- Vehicle / solvent:
- not specified
Controls
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION: in agar
DURATION
- Preincubation period: not specified
- Exposure duration: 2 days
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): not specified
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): 2 days
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 3 - Rationale for test conditions:
- Followed the Ames test procedure.
- Evaluation criteria:
- Counted the number of histidine revertants.
- Statistics:
- Not specified
Results and discussion
Test resultsopen allclose all
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not specified
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks:
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not specified
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks:
- hydrogen peroxide
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 98
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not specified
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks:
- hydrogen peroxide
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not specified
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks:
- hydrogen perioxide
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1537
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not specified
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks:
- hydrogen perioxide
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1538
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not specified
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks:
- hydrogen perioxide
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Additional information on results:
- S. typhimurium TA 98, TA 1535, TA 1539, TA 1538: negative, with and without metabolic activation
S. typhimurium TA100:
In the absence of S9, cysteine did not increase the number of revertants.
With the addition of liver S9, cysteine increased the number of revertants
With the addition of kidney S9, cysteine increased the number of revertants severalfold above the spontaneous level.
Different batches from different manufacturers (Boehringer, Sigma, Merk) did not show any quantitative differences.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- In the presence of liver or kidney S9, cysteine increased the number of histidine revertants in S typhimurium TA 100. Without S9, no increase was observed.
In S. typhimurium TA 98, TA 1535, TA 1539, TA 1538, in increase in the number of histidine revertants was reported, with or without metabolic activation. - Executive summary:
In an Ames assay testing up to 40 mM of cysteine, the postmitochondrial supernatant from rat liver and kidney homogenates induced test substance cysteine to revert Salmonella typhimurium TA100 to histidine independence. Cysteine exhibited mutagenic properties in the presence of S9 liver and kidney metabolic activation in Salmonella typhimurium TA100. In S. typhimurium TA 98, TA 1535, TA 1539, TA 1538, in increase in the number of histidine revertants was reported, with or without metabolic activation.
The increased number of mutants in the presence of relatively high concentration of physiological compounds could be the result not of mutagenicity but of nutritional interactions between these compounds and histidine because the histidine-dependent strains TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA1535 which differ from TA100 in the mutation leading to histidine dependence or in the DNA repair system, showed either no revertants or very low numbers of revertants in response to glutathione and cysteine compared with the number induced in strain TA100.
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