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EC number: 208-849-0 | CAS number: 543-80-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Additional information
Read across approach:
In the assessment of the environmental fate and behaviour of barium substances, a read-across approach is applied based on all information available for inorganic barium compounds. This is based on the common assumption that after emission of metal compounds into the environment, the moiety of toxicological concern is the potentially bioavailable metal ion (i.e., Ba2+). Thedissolution of barium substances in the environment and corresponding dissolved Ba levels are controlled by the solubility of barite (BaSO4) and witherite (BaCO3), two naturally occurring barium minerals (Ball and Nordstrom 1991; Menzie et al, 2008), and the concentration of dissolved Ba cations in freshwater is rather low. However, in the dissolved state, the divalent barium cation, is the predominant form in soil, sediments and water. The solubility of barium compounds increases as solution pH decreases (US EPA, 1985a). Nevertheless, the speciation of barium in the environment is considered to be rather simple (USEPA 2005):
- Barium cations are not readily oxidized or reduced
- Barium cations do not bind strongly to most inorganic ligands or organic matter
Barium in soils is not expected to be very mobile because of the formation of water-insoluble salts (sulphate and carbonate) and its inability to form soluble complexes with humic and fulvic materials. Under acid conditions, however, some of the water-insoluble barium compounds may become soluble and move into ground water (US EPA, 1984).
In sum, transport, fate, and toxicity of barium in the environment are largely controlled by the solubility of barium minerals. The barium cation is the moiety of toxicological concern, and thus the hazard assessment is based on Ba2+.
US EPA (1985a) Health advisory — barium. Washington, DC, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Drinking Water.
US EPA (1984) Health effects assessment for barium,Cincinnati, Ohio, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office (Prepared for the Office of Emergency and Remedial Responsible, Washington, DC) (EPA 540/1-86-021).
Acute toxicity data
Table below gives an overview of reliable toxicity data that were identified for barium dichloride. It is note that the values given in the table are based on barium concentration.
Table: Overview of reliable acute toxicity data for barium for hazard assessment purposes
Species |
Parameter |
Endpoint |
Value |
Reference |
Danio rerio |
mortality |
96h-LC50 |
>97.5 > 3.5(diss .) |
Egeler and Kiefer, 2010 |
Daphnia magna |
mortality/immobility |
48h-LC50 |
14.5 |
Biesinger and Christensen, 1972 |
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata |
growth rate |
72h-ErC50 |
>30.1 > 1.15(diss.) |
Egeler and Kiefer, 2010 |
Reliable acute data were available for three trophic levels: algae, invertebrates, fish. The lowest effect value (based on dissolved barium in the test medium) is a 72h-ErC50of >1.15 mg Ba/L, corresponding to >1.74 mg BaCl2/L, for growth reduction in algae.
It should be noted that the outcome of fish and algae tests, when expressed as dissolved barium concentrations resulted in effect levels of > 3.5 mg Ba/L and > 1.15 mg Ba/L, respectively, whereas these levels are approximately a factor of ~30 higher when expressed as total barium, i.e. > 97.5 mg/L and > 30.1 mg/L of total Ba, respectively.
The low recovery of dissolved barium may be explained by the precipitation of barium-sulfates in the test medium. However, the Chemical Safety Assessment is based on dissolved barium concentration.
Chronic toxicity data
Reliable studies on chronic toxicity of barium to the aquatic environment are available for three trophic levels: algae, invertebrates and fish. The toxicity tests were performed using barium dichloride dihydrate as test substance.
- In the study of growth inhibition of the algae speciesPseudokirchneriella subcapitataperformedby Egeler and Kiefer (2010) using barium dichloride dihydrate as test substance, all significant effect levels (acute and chronic) were ≥ 30.1 mg total Ba/L and ≥ 1.15 mg dissolved Ba/L. Thus, the 72-h NOEC is ≥ 30.1 mg total Ba/L and 72-h NOEC is ≥ 1.15 mg dissolved Ba/L. Re-calculation to barium dichloride results into an 72-h NOEC of ≥ 45.6 mg total BaCl2/L and 72-h NOEC of ≥ 1.74 mg dissolved BaCl2/L, respectively.
- The study on the chronic toxicity of barium to invertebrates (Biesinger and Christensen, 1972) reported a calculated NOEC forDaphnia magna(i.e., EC16/2) of 2.9 mg Ba/L (nominal) corresponding to 4.4 mg BaCl2/L.
- A chronic fish study according to OECD 210 (Gilberg, 2014) was performed withDanio rerio. The NOEC was set to ≥ 61.1 mg/L for total barium dichloride, corresponding to a re-calculated NOEC for total barium of ≥ 40.3 mg/L. Nevertheless, the NOEC was set to ≥ 1.91 mg/L for dissolved barium dichloride concentrations, corresponding to an NOEC for dissolved barium of ≥ 1.26 mg/L.
The low recovery of dissolved barium may be explained by the precipitation of barium-sulfates in the test medium.However, the Chemical Safety Assessment is based on dissolved barium concentration.
Table: Overview of most sensitive species-specific LC50/NOEC-values for barium in the freshwater environment
Species |
Parameter |
Endpoint |
Value (mg Ba/L) |
Reference |
Danio rerio |
mortality |
33d-NOEC |
>= 40.3 |
Gilberg, 2014 |
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata |
|
72h-NOECr |
>= 30.1 |
Egeler and Kiefer, 2010 |
Daphnia magna |
mortality |
21d-NOEC |
2.9 |
Biesinger and Christensen, 1972 |
One additional reliable endpoint has been identified for the marine organismCancer anthonyi, for which a nominal 7d-NOEC of 10 mg/L has been reported (endpoint: embryonal hatching).
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