2-furoic acid

Toxicity to reproduction

Administrative data

Endpoint:

screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

data from handbook or collection of data

Justification for type of information:

Data from peer reviewed journal

Data source

Reference

Reference 1

Reference Type:

publication

Title:

determination of repro-effect of test chemical

Author:

Iris H. Hall et. al.

Year:

1993

Bibliographic source:

Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim),1993

Reference 2

Reference Type:

other: secondary source

Title:

Determination of repro effect of test chemical

Author:

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)

Year:

2011

Bibliographic source:

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA),2011

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

other: As mentioned below

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Reproductive toxicity study of test chemical was performed on CF1 mice.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Limit test:

no

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

2-furoic acid

EC Number:

201-803-0

EC Name:

2-furoic acid

Cas Number:

88-14-2

Molecular formula:

C5H4O3

IUPAC Name:

furan-2-carboxylic acid

Test material form:

solid: particulate/powder

Details on test material:

- Name of test material: 2-furoic acid
- IUPAC name: furan-2-carboxylic acid
- Molecular formula: C5H4O3
- Molecular weight: 112.084 g/mole
- Smiles : c1(C(O)=O)ccco1
- Inchl: 1S/C5H4O3/c6-5(7)4-2-1-3-8-4/h1-3H,(H,6,7)
- Substance type: Organic
- Physical state: Solid powder (white)

Test animals

Species:

mouse

Strain:

CF-1

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source:
- Females (if applicable) nulliparous and non-pregnant: yes
- Age at study initiation: (P) x wks; (F1) x wks
- Weight at study initiation: (P) Females: 30 g
- Fasting period before study:No data available
- Housing:No data available
- Use of restrainers for preventing ingestion (if dermal):No data available
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum):No data available
- Water (e.g. ad libitum):No data available
- Acclimation period:No data available
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C):No data available
- Humidity (%):No data available
- Air changes (per hr):No data available
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light):No data available
IN-LIFE DATES: From: To:

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:

oral: unspecified

Vehicle:

not specified

Details on exposure:

Details on exposure
PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: No data available
DIET PREPARATION
- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency):No data available
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food )
- Storage temperature of food: No data available
VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): No data available
- Concentration in vehicle: 0, 20, 50 or 100 mg/kg bw/day
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): No data available

- Lot/batch no. (if required): No data available
- Purity: No data available

Details on mating procedure:

- M/F ratio per cage:2:1
- Length of cohabitation: No data available
- Proof of pregnancy: [vaginal plug / sperm in vaginal smear] referred to as [day 0 / day 1] of pregnancyNo data available
- After ... days of unsuccessful pairing replacement of first male by another male with proven fertility.No data available
- Further matings after two unsuccessful attempts: [no / yes (explain)]No data available
- After successful mating each pregnant female was caged (how): No data available
- Any other deviations from standard protocol:The males were rotated every 7 days to eliminate infertility. After three weeks the males were removed

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

not specified

Duration of treatment / exposure:

6 weeks

Frequency of treatment:

daily

Details on study schedule:

No data available

Doses / concentrations

Remarks:

0,20,50 or 100 mg/kg bw/day

No. of animals per sex per dose:

Total:24
0 mg/kg bw/day:6
20 mg/kg bw/day:6
50 mg/kg bw/day:6
100 mg/kg bw/day:6

Control animals:

yes

Details on study design:

No data available

Positive control:

No data available

Examinations

Parental animals: Observations and examinations:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: No data
- Time schedule:
- Cage side observations checked in table [No.?] were included.

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: No data
- Time schedule:

BODY WEIGHT: No data
- Time schedule for examinations:

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes / No / No data
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: Yes / No / No data

WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No data
- Time schedule for examinations:

OTHER:All the females were observed for % pregnancy and mortality.

Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):

No data available

Sperm parameters (parental animals):

No data available

Litter observations:

STANDARDISATION OF LITTERS
- Performed on day 4 postpartum: [no]
- If yes, maximum of [...] pups/litter ([...]/sex/litter as nearly as possible); excess pups were killed and discarded. No data available

PARAMETERS EXAMINED
The following parameters were examined in F1 offspring:
[number and sex of pups, stillbirths, live births, postnatal mortality, presence of gross anomalies, weight gain, physical or behavioural abnormalities, anogenital distance (AGD), presence of nipples/areolae in male pups, other:], number of live births, deaths and birth weights were noted. Four weeks after birth the pups weight, % survival and sex were noted for each group.


GROSS EXAMINATION OF DEAD PUPS:
[no / yes, for external and internal abnormalities; possible cause of death was/was not determined for pups born or found dead.]No data available

ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY:No data available

ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENTAL IMMUNOTOXICITY:No data available

Postmortem examinations (parental animals):

No data available

Postmortem examinations (offspring):

No data available

Statistics:

No data available

Reproductive indices:

No data available

Offspring viability indices:

No data available

Results and discussion

Results: P0 (first parental generation)

General toxicity (P0)

Clinical signs:

not specified

Dermal irritation (if dermal study):

not specified

Mortality:

mortality observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence):

All of the female mothers died at dose concentration 100mg/kg bw /day

Body weight and weight changes:

not specified

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

not specified

Food efficiency:

not specified

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not specified

Ophthalmological findings:

not specified

Haematological findings:

not specified

Clinical biochemistry findings:

not specified

Urinalysis findings:

not specified

Behaviour (functional findings):

not specified

Immunological findings:

not specified

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

not specified

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

not specified

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

not specified

Other effects:

not specified

Reproductive function / performance (P0)

Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:

not specified

Reproductive function: sperm measures:

not specified

Reproductive performance:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

The % pregnancy was reduced at dose concentration 20 mg/kg/day and 50 mg/kg/day compared to control . Also the number of foetuses /litter was reduced at 20 mg/kg/day from 9.33 to 7.75.

Effect levels (P0)

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

20 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

female

Basis for effect level:

mortality

reproductive performance

Remarks on result:

other: no effect was observed at given dose level

Target system / organ toxicity (P0)

Critical effects observed:

not specified

System:

other: not specified

Organ:

not specified

Results: F1 generation

General toxicity (F1)

Clinical signs:

not specified

Dermal irritation (if dermal study):

not specified

Mortality / viability:

mortality observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

The survival of the fetuses was not affected at 20 mg/kg but was reduced from 10.6 at birth to 7.75 after four weeks at 50 mg/kg/day treatment of the mother

Body weight and weight changes:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

The average weight of the fetuses after four weeks was elevated in the treated groups.The average weight of the fetuses at birth was reduced from
1.6 g to 1.37 g at 50 mg/kg/day.

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

not specified

Food efficiency:

not specified

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not specified

Ophthalmological findings:

not specified

Haematological findings:

not specified

Clinical biochemistry findings:

not specified

Urinalysis findings:

not specified

Sexual maturation:

not specified

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

not specified

Gross pathological findings:

not specified

Histopathological findings:

not specified

Other effects:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

The percentage of male/litter was lower in the treated groups

Developmental neurotoxicity (F1)

Behaviour (functional findings):

not specified

Developmental immunotoxicity (F1)

Developmental immunotoxicity:

not specified

Effect levels (F1)

Dose descriptor:

LOAEL

Generation:

F1

Effect level:

20 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

not specified

Basis for effect level:

mortality

body weight and weight gain

Remarks on result:

other: Adverse effects was observed at dose related manner

Target system / organ toxicity (F1)

Critical effects observed:

not specified

System:

other: not specified

Organ:

not specified

Overall reproductive toxicity

Reproductive effects observed:

no

Treatment related:

not specified

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for maternal toxicity was considered to be 20 mg/kg/day ,When female CF1 mice were treated with test chemical orally.

Executive summary:

Reproductive toxicity study of test chemical was performed on female CF1 mice.24 mice were divided as 6 mice /dose group. The test material in dose concentration 0, 20, 50 or 100 mg/kg bw/day was administered by oral route for 3 weeks.While continuing dosing the females were exposed to males (2:1 ) for another three weeks. The males were rotated every 7 days to eliminate infertility. After three weeks the males were removed.All the animals were observed for %pregnancy, numberoflive births, deaths and birth weights .Four weeks after birth the pups weight,%survival and sex were noted for each group.

All of the female mothers died at dose 100 mg/kg/day, the number of foetuses/litter was reduced at 20 mg/kg from 9.33 to 7.75 was noted. The average weight of the fetuses at birth was reduced from 1.6 g to 1.37 g at 50 mg/kg/day. In 50 mg/kg /day dose group, the survival of the foetuses reduced from 9.20 at birth to 7.66 after four weeks while was not affected at 20 mg/kg dose group. The percentage of males/litter was lower in the treated groups and the average weight of the fetuses after four weeks was elevated in the treated groups. As adverse effect on fetus was observed at all dose level NOAEL value could not be determined .Hence No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for reproductive toxicity was considered to be 20 mg/kg/day,when femaleCF1 mice were treated with test chemical orally.