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EC number: 246-805-2 | CAS number: 25306-75-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Justification for type of information:
- Carbon disulphide has been demonstrated to form during hydrolysis in gastric fluid.
Any oral toxicity on the xanthate needs to consider oral effects of carbon disulphide and the corresponding alcohol
Data access has been requested, but this summary is extracted from disseminated information published by ECHA
Further animal testing on the xanthate cannot be justified
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
Reference
- Endpoint:
- hydrolysis
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Justification for type of information:
- Special study performed to confirm rapid hydrolysis of potassium and sodium xanthates in simulated gastric fluid with identification of key metabolites.
This study is used to justify the use of surrogate data in animal testing on the basis that if ingested, the substance will rapidly degrade. - Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- study of the decomposition of four samples of xanthates in simulated gastric fluid; sodium soamyl xanthate, sodium isobutyl xanthate, sodium ethyl xanthate and potassium isoamyl xanthate.
The chemical reaction for this decomposition is:
Xanthate Salt + Hydrochloric acid Alcohol + Sodium Chloride + Carbon Disulphide
The reaction between simulated gastric fluid and the xanthate salts was carried out at 0oC for reasons of safety, as the reaction was expected to occur very quickly. The reaction mixture was then allowed to warm to room temperature over 1 hour, the final temperature being 25oC. A high degree of degradation at this temperature would lead to the inference that degradation would be at least as complete, if not more so, in actual gastric conditions.
Following the reaction solvent was added to produce a biphasic mixture, and the resulting organic
phases were analysed by GC-MS to confirm the presence of the corresponding alcohols. These
alcohols were quantified by comparison to known standards in order to confirm the completeness of the reaction, and to show that these salts behave in the same way under these reaction conditions. - Radiolabelling:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Buffers:
- Performed at pH 1.5 in synthetic gastric fluid
- Details on test conditions:
- Performed at 5 g/l to simulate possible concentration following ingestion
Performed at low temperatures for safety reasons due to exothermic nature of reaction - Duration:
- 1 h
- pH:
- 1.5
- Temp.:
- 0 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- ca. 5 000 mg/L
- Remarks:
- Performed at initial temperature of 0 C, but in view of exothermic reaction, temperature will have risen by the end of the reaction.
- Number of replicates:
- One replicate per substance
A number of xanthates were evaluated as part of this study; all showed the same outcome - Positive controls:
- no
- Negative controls:
- no
- Statistical methods:
- Not required
- Preliminary study:
- No
- Transformation products:
- yes
- No.:
- #1
- No.:
- #2
- No.:
- #3
- No.:
- #4
- Details on hydrolysis and appearance of transformation product(s):
- Exothermic reaction. No direct measurement of carbon disulphide possible, but elemental sulphur noted (estimated to be as dissolved sulphur dioxide or sulphates
- % Recovery:
- 0
- pH:
- 1.5
- Temp.:
- 0 °C
- Duration:
- 1 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: No parent material detected
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable because of methodological limitations
- Remarks:
- Too rapid to determine a rate constant
- Details on results:
- Rapid exothermic reaction in simulated gastric fluid at a loading of 5g/l
- Executive summary:
Based on analysis of the alcohols. degradation of sodium isobutyl xanthate was found to be > 96% under the experimental conditions a
To confirm that potassium salts will behave in a similar manner, potassium isoamyl xanthate was added to simulated gastric fluid under the same conditions as the sodium salts above. A liquid-liquid extraction was performed with ethyl acetate and the organic solvent analysed using GCMS. Isoamyl alcohol was observed in the resulting gas chromatogram, as expected.
NMR spectroscopy did not provide any further evidence of the presence of xanthate post addition to gastric fluid.
To confirm that the sodium or potassium remains in solution as the chloride salt, ICP-OES analysis was carried out on the aqueous phase of the reaction mixture, as well as on the simulated gastric fluid with the difference between the two measurements being an indication of how much sodium or potassium has been added as a result of the xanthate degradation. The analysis showed increased levels of potassium and sodium in the gastric fluid phase upon addition of potassium and sodium xanthates respectively. This provides further evidence that the potassium salts behave in a similar manner to the sodium salts under the experimental conditions.
The increase in sodium could not be quantified owing to the high levels of Na observed, and the addition of Na from processing.For Potassium Isoamyl Xanthate, a significant increase in potassium was observed and the potassium and sodium salts can be considered as behaving in identical manner.
Carbon disulphide was not detected and due to limitations of the methods detection of carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide was not possible. There was no reported odour of carbon dislulphide.
Sodium isoamyl xanthate, sodium isobutyl xanthate and sodium ethyl xanthate were added to separate solutions of simulated gastric fluid at 0 C over 1 hour. The low starting temperature was to prevent reaction occurring too quickly, for reasons of safety.
Following the reaction, a liquid-liquid extraction was performed with ethyl acetate and the organic solvent analysed using GCMS. The extracts were compared to a standard curve of ethanol, isoamyl alcohol and isobutyl alcohol were quantified.
Based on analysis of the alcohols. degradation of sodium isobutyl xanthate was found to be > 96% under the experimental conditions and degradation of sodium isoamyl xanthate was found to be > 75% under the experimental conditions. However, no xanthates could be found at the end of the exposure period
The degradation of sodium ethyl xanthate could not be quantified under the experimental conditions and assumed 100%
To confirm that potassium salts will behave in a similar manner, potassium isoamyl xanthate was added to simulated gastric fluid under the same conditions as the sodium salts above. A liquid-liquid extraction was performed with ethyl acetate and the organic solvent analysed using GCMS. Isoamyl alcohol was observed in the resulting gas chromatogram, as expected.
NMR spectroscopy did not provide any further evidence of the presence of xanthate post addition to gastric fluid.
To confirm that the sodium or potassium remains in solution as the chloride salt, ICP-OES analysis was carried out on the aqueous phase of the reaction mixture, as well as on the simulated gastric fluid with the difference between the two measurements being an indication of how much sodium or potassium has been added as a result of the xanthate degradation. The analysis showed increased levels of potassium and sodium in the gastric fluid phase upon addition of potassium and sodium xanthates respectively. This provides further evidence that the potassium salts behave in a similar manner to the sodium salts under the experimental conditions.
The increase in sodium could not be quantified owing to the high levels of Na observed, and the addition of Na from processing.
For Potassium Isoamyl Xanthate, a significant increase in potassium was observed and the potassium and sodium salts can be considered as behaving in identical manner.
Carbon disulphide was not detected and due to limitations of the methods detection of carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide was not possible. There was no reported odour of carbon dislulphide.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 022
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- Pre-dates widespread introduction of GLP Data set considered valid
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Carbon disulphide
- EC Number:
- 200-843-6
- EC Name:
- Carbon disulphide
- Cas Number:
- 75-15-0
- Molecular formula:
- CS2
- IUPAC Name:
- carbon disulfide
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: CD
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Age 8 - 12 weeks at start of study
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Details on mating procedure:
- Co-habitation 1:!
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Gestation day 6 to 15
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily
- Duration of test:
- From gestation day 6 to 15
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 400 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 600 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Up to 27
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent no treatment
Examinations
- Maternal examinations:
- Clinical signs daily after exposure
- Ovaries and uterine content:
- Yes
- Blood sampling:
- Not specified
- Fetal examinations:
- Yes; external, visceral, skeletal and head
- Statistics:
- As needed
- Historical control data:
- Not specified
Results and discussion
Results: maternal animals
General toxicity (maternal animals)
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Lethargy, ataxia, abnormal posture and rough coat
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence):
- One female, mid dose
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Decrease in body weight for highest doses
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not specified
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not specified
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not specified
- Endocrine findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Increased liver weights in higher dose groups
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
Maternal developmental toxicity
- Number of abortions:
- no effects observed
- Pre- and post-implantation loss:
- no effects observed
- Total litter losses by resorption:
- no effects observed
- Dead fetuses:
- no effects observed
- Changes in pregnancy duration:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
Effect levels (maternal animals)
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- organ weights and organ / body weight ratios
- Remarks on result:
- other: Toxicological significance of maternal effects not specified
Results (fetuses)
- Fetal body weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Weight decrease in highest dose groups
- Reduction in number of live offspring:
- no effects observed
- Changes in sex ratio:
- no effects observed
- Changes in litter size and weights:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Reduced weights of litters at higher doses, mirroring maternal effect
- Changes in postnatal survival:
- no effects observed
- External malformations:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Across various dose levels and within historical control
- Skeletal malformations:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Across various dose levels and within historical control
- Visceral malformations:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Across various dose levels and within historical control
Effect levels (fetuses)
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- fetal/pup body weight changes
Fetal abnormalities
- Abnormalities:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Localisation:
- other: Various changes - no obvious significance
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Various effects observed but within historical levels.
Overall developmental toxicity
- Developmental effects observed:
- no
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Oral treatment produced dose-related maternal and foetal toxicity at 200 mg/kg bw/day or higher.
There was no increase in the incidence of malformed foetuses.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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