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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 231-096-4 | CAS number: 7439-89-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
The studies presented provide information on: 1) the bioavailability of metallic iron after oral exposure, 2) the adaptation of iron homeostasis after oral exposure to iron from soluble salts, 3) the iron turn-over in humans and 4) the acidity of human sweat. They are included in the dossier because they provide important information on the toxicokinetics of metallic iron. Human information is important in this case because the regulation of iron absorption differs strongly between humans and the experimental animal used most often: the rat. The study on the acidity of sweat provides information that is necessary to assess systemic bioavailability of metallic iron after skin contact.
Additional information
The absorption by humans of dietary iron or supplement iron from various sources has been studied extensively, Reasons for this are obvious. Iron deficiency is an important human pathological condition that goes with serious symptoms and effects. These studies included metallic iron particles, including carbonyl iron. Studies summarized here are Gordeuk et al. (1987), Hallberg et al. (1986), Hoppe et al. (2006) and Cook et al. (1973). A review paper by Hurrell (2002) contains a table in which the bioavailability of a large series of iron species is compared. The interpretation of these data, including their comparability, is hampered by the following factors. First of all, different methods are used to demonstrate absorption, which will not be discussed here in detail. They are based on changes in iron status (serum ferritin, serum iron, haematocrit etc.) or on a more absolute quantification through the use of labelled iron. Healthy replete individuals are used in one study and iron deplete individuals in another. Moreover, every change in iron intake will result in a temporary change in iron status, which may return to normal values. On top of that comes the discussion about the reliability of serum ferritin as an indicator for total stored iron. What is most important here is how much of the metallic iron is absorbed by the healthy, non-replete human. The study with radiolabelled iron by Hallberg et al. appears to be the best one to address this question. Combination of this study with the data listed in the table in Hurrell indicates 20% relative bioavailability of carbonyl iron in comparison to readily absorbable iron from soluble salts. This percentage will depend on the average surface/mass ratio of the particles ingested, the total mass ingested and the residence time in the acid gastric juice.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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