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EC number: 215-233-5 | CAS number: 1314-36-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - workers
Acute toxicity: the registered substance is not acutely toxic, as the acute inhalation LC50 was determined to be greater than 5.09 mg/L (OECD 436, Klimisch 1) and the acute oral LD50 is greater than 5000 mg/kg (OECD 401, Klimisch 1).
As no effects were observed in these acute toxicity studies by inhalation and by oral route, no hazard was identified and a DNEL is not required.
Furthermore, according to the process of production and uses at industrial sites, the risk of inhalation exposure is very low (packaging and final use under controlled conditions).
Skin and eye irritation/corrosion:
A publication (Lambert, 1993), evaluated as Klimisch 2, showed that yttrium oxide is not a skin irritating. In the same study, yttrium oxide is slightly irritating to the eye, but not classified according to EU criteria. Furthermore, a Klimisch 1 study (Guillot, 1986), testing yttrium oxide on guinea pig showed that yttrium oxide is not a skin Sensitizer.
The registered substance was not irritating to skin and showed very limit effect on eyes which allow to conclude to no classification. Furthermore, Yttrium oxide did not show skin sensitising potential.
Repeat-dose toxicity:
Concerning the oral route, the key study, a combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test (OECD 422; klimisch 1) is available by oral route, showing no effect up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day (highest tested dose) after at least 28 days of exposure.
There were no statistically significant changes noted nor for animal weight, haematological and coagulation parameters nor clinical biochemistry parameters of male and female treated groups when compared to corresponding control.
The urinalysis performed in male animals revealed no test item related effect in the treated groups when compared to the control
At terminal sacrifice, macroscopic organ findings noted were few in both males and females, and none of them was considered to test item related.
Concerning the inhalation route, a publication (Reece, 1967), quoted Klimlisch 2, testing yttrium oxide by repeated inhalation on dogs, showed no systemic effect due to the tested substance. During the exposure period yttrium oxide concentration was arbitrarily set at 15 mg/cu.m. to maintain this concentration, daily sampling was required and adjustments were made accordingly
According to the ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Part B: Hazard assessment (version 2.1, December 2011) and the part R.8 (i. e. Characterisation of dose[concentration]-response for human health, version 2.1, November 2012) in case there was no effect at any of the exposure ranges, the study should not be used for derivation of the NOAEL, because there is no need to set a DNEL. As no effects were observed in these studies, no hazard was identified and a DNEL is not required.
Reproductive toxicity:
The key study, a combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test (OECD 422; klimisch 1) is available by oral route, showing no effect up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day (highest tested dose). There were no treatment related changes noted for the fertility index (%), reproduction efficiency or on pups. The data obtained by oral route is deemed sufficient to address the dermal and inhalation routes too.
According to the ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Part B: Hazard assessment (version 2.1, December 2011) and the part R.8 (i. e. Characterisation of dose[concentration]-response for human health, version 2.1, November 2012) in case there was no effect at any of the exposure ranges, the study should not be used for derivation of the NOAEL, because there is no need to set a DNEL. As no effects were observed in this study, no hazard was identified and a DNEL is not required for this part.
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - General Population
Acute toxicity: the registered substance is not acutely toxic, as the acute inhalation LC50 was determined to be greater than 5.09 mg/L (OECD 436, Klimisch 1) and the acute oral LD50 is greater than 5000 mg/kg (OECD 401, Klimisch 1).
ECHA Guidances on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Part B: Hazard assessment (version 2.1, December 2011) and the part R.8 (i. e. Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health, version 2.1, November 2012) in case there was no effect at any of the exposure ranges, the study should not be used for derivation of the NOAEL, because there is no need to set a DNEL.
As no effects were observed in these acute toxicity studies by inhalation and by oral route, no hazard was identified and a DNEL is not required.
Furthermore, according to the process of production and uses at industrial sites, the risk of inhalation exposure is very low (packaging and final use under controlled conditions).
Skin and eye irritation/corrosion:
A publication (Lambert, 1993), evaluated as Klimisch 2, showed that yttrium oxide is not a skin irritant. In the same study, yttrium oxide is slightly irritating to the eye, but not classified according to EU criteria.
Furthermore, a Klimisch 1 study (Guillot, 1986), testing yttrium oxide on guinea pig for skin sensitization properties showed that yttrium oxide does not induce skin sensitizer.
The registered substance was not irritating to skin and showed very limited effects on eyes which allow to conclude to no classification. Furthermore, Yttrium oxide did not show skin sensitising potential.
Repeat-dose toxicity:
Concerning the oral route, the key study, a combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test (OECD 422; klimisch 1) is available by oral route, showing no effect on the tested animals up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day (highest tested dose) after at least 28 days of exposure : there were no statistically significant changes noted nor for animal weight, haematological and coagulation parameters nor clinical biochemistry parameters of male and female treated groups when compared to corresponding control.
The urinalysis performed in male animals revealed no changes in treated groups when compared to the control.
At terminal sacrifice, macroscopic organ findings noted were few in both males and females, and none of them was considered to test item related.
Therefore, according to these results the NOAEL for male and female, systemic toxicity was considered to be 1000 mg/kg bw/dayConcerning the inhalation route, a publication (Reece, 1967), quoted Klimlisch 2, testing yttrium oxide by repeated inhalation on dogs, showed no systemic effect due to the tested substance. During the exposure period yttrium oxide exposure was arbitrarily set at 15 mg/cu.m. to maintain this concentration, daily sampling was required and adjustments were made accordingly
No gross pathology, no histopathology and no effect on thoracic radiology were observed.
Lungs exposed dogs were reddish gray compared to controls. Bronchial lymph nodes in exposed dogs were enlarged 8 - 10 times.
Other body lymph nodes were normal in size and with regards to gross appearance, other organs were normal.
Significant increase of white blood cells, dust-laden macrophages in the bronchial lymph nodes & decrease of the erythrocyte volume which should indicated Y2O3 was being transported from the lungs to other tissues, having negative erythropoiesis effect.
The observed effects were rather consistent with a probable local inflammatory phenomenon of lung as a response to inhalation of poorly soluble particles of low toxicity and resulting "portal-of-entry" effects. No systemic effects were observed during the whole study. These limited and not significant effects are not relevant to the human occupational situation given the levels of exposure.
Therefore no systemic effects were observed in this study conducted by exposing dogs during 30 days at a concentration up to 20.63 mg/m3 of Yttrium Oxide by inhalation.
According to the ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Part B: Hazard assessment (version 2.1, December 2011) and the part R.8 (i. e. Characterisation of dose[concentration]-response for human health, version 2.1, November 2012) in case there was no effect at any of the exposure ranges, the study should not be used for derivation of the NOAEL, because there is no need to set a DNEL. As no effects were observed in these studies, no hazard was identified and a DNEL is not required.
Reproductive toxicity:
The key study, a combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test (OECD 422; klimisch 1) is available by oral route, showing no effect up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day (highest tested dose). There were no treatment related changes noted for the fertility index (%), reproduction efficiency or on pups. The data obtained by oral route is deemed sufficient to address the dermal and inhalation routes too.
According to the ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Part B: Hazard assessment (version 2.1, December 2011) and the part R.8 (i. e. Characterisation of dose[concentration]-response for human health, version 2.1, November 2012) in case there was no effect at any of the exposure ranges, the study should not be used for derivation of the NOAEL, because there is no need to set a DNEL. As no effects were observed in this study, no hazard was identified and a DNEL is not required for this part.
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