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EC number: 485-230-3 | CAS number: 1455-42-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
The test substance was assessed for acute oral toxicity performed according to EU Method B1 and OECD Guideline 423; and acute inhalation toxicity performed according to EU Method B2 and OECD Guideline 403.
The acute oral median lethal dose (LD50) in the rat was greater than 2500 mg/kg bw.
The acute inhalation median lethal concentration (4 hr LC50) in the rat was greater than 4.98 mg/L.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Acute toxicity: via oral route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2006-06-01 to 2006-06-22
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Test was performed according to guideline.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.1 tris (Acute Oral Toxicity - Acute Toxic Class Method)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 423 (Acute Oral toxicity - Acute Toxic Class Method)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Test type:
- acute toxic class method
- Limit test:
- yes
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River (UK) Ltd, Margate, Kent, UK.
- Age at study initiation: Eight to twelve weeks of age
- Weight at study initiation: Bodyweights fell within an interval of ± 20 % of the mean initial bodyweight of the first treated group.
- Fasting period before study: Overnight
- Housing: The animals were housed in groups of three in suspended solid-floor polypropylene cages furnished with wood flakes.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Free access to Certified Rat and Mouse Diet (Code 5LF2; BCM IPS Ltd, London, UK) except for the overnight fast prior to dosing and for approximately 3 to 4 hours after dosing.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Free access to mains drinking water except for the overnight fast prior to dosing and for approximately 3 to 4 hours after dosing.
- Acclimation period: At least five days.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19 to 25 °C
- Humidity (%): 70 %
- Air changes (per hr): At least 15.
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): Twelve hours continuous light and twelve hours continuous darkness.
IN-LIFE DATES: From: Day 1 To: Day 14 - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- arachis oil
- Details on oral exposure:
- VEHICLE
- Concentration in vehicle: 200 mg/mL
- Amount of vehicle: 10 mL/kg
- Justification for choice of vehicle: The test material did not dissolve/suspend in distilled water.
- Lot/batch no. (if required): No data
- Purity: No data
MAXIMUM DOSE VOLUME APPLIED: No data
DOSAGE PREPARATION: No data - Doses:
- 2000 mg/kg bw
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 6
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days
- Frequency of observations and weighing: The animals were observed for death or overt signs of toxicity 0.1, 1, 2 and 4 h after dosing and subsequently once daily for 14 days.
Individual body weights were recorded prior to dosing and seven and fourteen days after treatment.
- Necropsy of survivors performed: Yes
- Other examinations performed: Clinical signs, body weight. - Sex:
- female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 2 500 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- other: There were no deaths and no signs of systemic toxicity.
- Mortality:
- There were no deaths during the study.
- Clinical signs:
- other: There were no signs of systemic toxicity.
- Gross pathology:
- No abnormalities were noted at necropsy.
- Interpretation of results:
- not classified
- Remarks:
- Migrated information Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- The acute oral median lethal dose (LD50) of the test material in the female Sprague-Dawley CD strain rat was estimated to be greater than 2500 mg/kg bw (Globally Harmonised Classification System - Unclassified).
- Executive summary:
Introduction
The study was performed to assess the acute oral toxicity of the test material following a single oral administration in the Sprague-Dawley CD strain rat. The method was designed to meet the requirements of the following:
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals No. 423 “Acute Oral Toxicity – Acute Toxicity Class Method” (Adopted 17 December 2001)
Method B1trisAcute Toxicity (Oral) of Commission Directive 2004/73/EC.
Method
A group of three fasted females was treated with the test material at a dose level of 2000 mg/kg bodyweight. This was followed by a further group of three fasted females at the same dose level.
The test material was administered orally as a suspension in arachis oil BP. Clinical signs and bodyweight development were monitored during the study. All animals were subjected to gross necropsy.
Results
Mortality. There were no deaths.
Clinical observations. There were no signs of systemic toxicity.
Bodyweight. All animals showed expected gains in bodyweight over the study period.
Necropsy. No abnormalities were noted at necropsy.
Conclusion
The acute oral median lethal dose (LD50) of the test material in the female Sprague-Dawley CD strain rat was estimated to be greater than 2500 mg/kg bodyweight (Globally Harmonised Classification System – Unclassified).
Reference
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Value:
- 2 500 mg/kg bw
Acute toxicity: via inhalation route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: inhalation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2007-07-27 to 2007-09-12
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Test was performed according to guideline.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.2 (Acute Toxicity (Inhalation))
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 403 (Acute Inhalation Toxicity)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Limit test:
- yes
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River (UK) Ltd, Margate, Kent.
- Age at study initiation: Approximately 8 to 12 weeks old.
- Weight at study initiation: within the range of 200 g to 350 g.
- Fasting period before study: No.
- Housing: The animals were housed in groups of five by sex in solid-floor polypropylene cages with stainless steel lids, furnished with softwood flakes.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): With the exception of the exposure period, free access to food (EU Rodent Diet 5LF2, BCM IPS Ltd, London, UK) was allowed throughout the study.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): With the exception of the exposure period, free access to mains drinking water was allowed throughout the study.
- Acclimation period: At least 5 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19 - 25 °C
- Humidity (%): 30 - 70 % relative humidity.
- Air changes (per hr): At least 15 air changes per hour.
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): Twelve hours continuous light and 12 hours continuous darkness.
IN-LIFE DATES: From: Day 1 To: Day 14 - Route of administration:
- inhalation: dust
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- nose only
- Vehicle:
- other: Compressed air from an oil free compressor and passed through a water trap and respiratory quality filters before passing through a SAG 410 Solid Aerosol Generator
- Details on inhalation exposure:
- GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- Exposure apparatus: Cylindrical exposure chamber
- Exposure chamber volume: Approximately 30 L (dimensions: 28 cm diameter x 50 cm high).
- Method of holding animals in test chamber: Each rat was individually held in a tapered, polycarbonate restraining tube fitted onto a single tier of the exposure chamber and sealed by means of a rubber “O” ring. Only the nose of each animal was exposed of the test atmosphere.
- Source and rate of air: The SAG 410 was connected to a metered compressed air supply.
- Method of conditioning air: Compressed air was supplied by means of an oil-free compressor and passed through a water trap and respiratory quality filters before it was introduced to the SAG 410.
- System of generating particulates/aerosols: A dust atmosphere was produced from the test material using a SAG 410 Solid Aerosol located adjacent to the exposure chamber. The concentration within the chamber was controlled by adjusting the test material feed rate form the SAG 410.
- Treatment of exhaust air: The extract from the exposure chamber passed through a “scrubber” trap and was connected with a high efficiency filter to a metered exhaust system. The chamber was maintained under negative pressure.
- Temperature, humidity, pressure in air chamber: The temperature and relative humidity inside the chamber were measured by an electronic thermometer/humidity meter located in a vacant port in the animals’ breathing zone of the chamber and recorded every 30 minutes throughout the four-hour exposure period. Oxygen levels within the exposure chamber were measured by an electronic oxygen analyser located in a sampling port in the animals’ breathing zone during the four-hour exposure period. The test atmosphere was generated to contain at least 19 % oxygen.
VEHICLE
No vehicle used.
TEST ATMOSPHERE
Homogeneity of the test atmosphere within the chamber was not specifically determined during the study. Chambers of the same design have been fully validated and shown to produce evenly distributed atmospheres in the animals’ breathing zone with a wide variety of materials tested. Prior to the start of the study, test material atmospheres were generated within the exposure chamber. During this characterisation period test material input rates were varied to achieve the required atmospheric concentrations.
The actual chamber concentration was measured at regular intervals during the exposure period. The gravimetric method used glass fibre filters placed in a filter holder. The holder was temporarily sealed in a vacant port in the exposure chamber in the animals’ breathing zone and a suitable, known volume of exposure chamber air was drawn through the filter using a vacuum pump. Each filter was weighed before and after sampling in order to calculate the weight of collected test material. The difference in the two weights, divided by volume of atmosphere sampled, gave the actual chamber concentration. The nominal chamber concentration was calculated by dividing the mass of test material used by the total volume of air passed through the chamber.
- Particle size distribution:
The particle size of the generated atmosphere inside the exposure chamber was determined three times during the exposure period using a Maple Personal Cascade Impactor. This device consisted of six impactor stages (9.4, 6.2, 3.6, 1.5, 0.71 and 0.32 µm cut points) with stainless steel collection substrates and a back up glass fibre filter housed in an aluminium sampler. The sampler was temporarily sealed in a sampling port in the animals’ breathing zone and a suitable, known volume of exposure chamber air was drawn through it using a vacuum pump.
The collection substrates and backup filter were weighed before and after sampling and the weight of test material, collected at each stage, calculated by difference.
- MMAD (Mass median aerodynamic diameter) / GSD (Geometric st. dev.):
The mean amount for each stage was used to determine the cumulative amount below each cut-off point size. In this way, the proportion (%) of aerosol less than 9.4, 6.2, 3.6, 1.5, 0.71 and 0.32 µm was calculated. The resulting values were converted to probits and plotted against log10 cut-point size. From this plot, the Mean Mass Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD) was determined (as the 50 % point) and the geometric standard deviation was calculated. In addition, the proportion (%) of aerosol less than 4 µm (considered to be the inhalable fraction) was determined. - Analytical verification of test atmosphere concentrations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- gravimetric method; glass fibre filters
- Duration of exposure:
- 4 h
- Concentrations:
- The target concentration was 5 mg/L.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5 per sex per dose.
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days.
- Frequency of observations and weighing: All animals were observed for clinical signs at hourly intervals during exposure, immediately on removal from the restraining tubes at the end of exposure, one hour after termination of exposure and subsequently once daily for 14 days. Any overt evidence of toxicity was recorded at each observation.
Individual bodyweights were recorded prior to treatment on the day of exposure and on Days 7 and 14.
- Necropsy of survivors performed: Yes
- Other examinations performed: Clinical signs and bodyweight. - Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect level:
- > 4.98 mg/L air
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Exp. duration:
- 4 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Based on the mean achieved atmosphere concentration.
- Mortality:
- There were no deaths during the study period.
- Clinical signs:
- other: Signs of hunched posture and pilo-erection are commonly seen in animals for short periods on removal from the chamber following 4-h inhalation studies. Wet fur is commonly recorded both during and for a short period after exposure. These observations are
- Body weight:
- Variations in bodyweight gain are frequently seen for female animals of this strain and age during this type of study and, in isolation, are considered not to be significant.
Normal body weight development was noted during the study. - Gross pathology:
- No macroscopic abnormalities were detected amongst six animals at necropsy.
The following macroscopic abnormalities were detected amongst the other animals at necropsy:
Lungs - abnormally red, with dark patches, or pale patches. - Other findings:
- Exposure chamber concentration
The test atmosphere was sampled 19 times during the exposure period and the actual concentration of the test material calculated. The mean values obtained were:
Mean achieved: 4.98 mg/L
Standard deviation: 0.85
Nominal: 9.72 mg/L
The chamber flow-rate was maintained at 50L/min providing 100 air changes per hour.
The theoretical chamber equilibration time (T99) was 3 minutes (Silver, 1946).
Particle size distribution
The particle size analysis of the atmosphere drawn from the animal's breathing zone was as follows:
Mean achieved atmospheric concentration: 4.98 mg/L
MMAD: 1.78 µm
Inhalable fraction: 75 % < 4 µm
Geometric standard deviation: 3.33
- Interpretation of results:
- not classified
- Remarks:
- Migrated information Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- No deaths occurred in a group of ten rats exposed to mean achieved atmosphere concentration of 4.98 mg/L for four hours. It was therefore considered that the acute inhalation median lethal concentration (4 hr LC50) of SPG in the Sprague-Dawley Crl:CD (SD) IGS BR strain rat was greater than 4.98 mg/L.
- Executive summary:
Introduction.
A study was performed to assess the acute inhalation toxicity of the test material. The method used followed that described in the OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals (1981) no. 403 “Acute Inhalation Toxicity” references as Method B2 in Commission Directive 92/69/EEC “Acute Toxicity – Inhalation” (which constitutes Annex V of Council Directive 67/548/EEC).
Methods.
A group of ten Sprague-Dawley Crl:CD (SD)IGS BR strain rats (five males and five females) was exposed to a dust atmosphere. The animals were exposed for four hours using a nose-only exposure system, followed by a fourteen day observation period.
Results.
The mean achieved atmosphere concentration was:
Mean achieved: 4.98 mg/L
Standard deviation: 0.85
Nominal: 9.72 mg/L
The characteristics of the achieved atmosphere were as follows;
Mean achieved atmospheric concentration: 4.98 mg/L
MMAD: 1.78 µm
Inhalable fraction: 75 % < 4 µm
Geometric standard deviation: 3.33
Mortality: There were no deaths.
Clinical observations: Common abnormalities noted during the study included increased respiratory rate, hunched posture, pilo-erection and wet fur. There were frequent instances of laboured respiration and isolated occurrences of decreased respiratory rate and noisy respiration. Animals recovered quickly to appear normal from Days 2 to 3 post-exposure.
Bodyweight: Normal bodyweight development was noted during the study.
Necropsy: No macroscopic abnormalities were detected amongst six animals at necropsy. The following macroscopic abnormalities were detected amongst the other animals at necropsy: Lungs – abnormally red with/without dark patches, or pale patches.
Conclusion.
No deaths occurred in a group of ten rats exposed to a mean achieved atmosphere concentration of 4.98 mg/L for four hours. It was therefore considered that the acute inhalation median lethal concentration (4 h LC50) of the test substance in the Sprague-Dawley Crl:CD (SD) IGS BR strain rat, was greater than 4.98 mg/L.
Reference
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Value:
- 4.98 mg/m³ air
Acute toxicity: via dermal route
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
Acute oral toxicity
There were no deaths during the study and no signs of systemic toxicity. All animals showed expected gains in bodyweight over the study period and no abnormalities were noted at necropsy.
The acute oral median lethal dose (LD50) of the test material in the female Sprague-Dawley CD strain rat was estimated to be greater than 2500 mg/kg bodyweight.
Acute inhalation toxicity
There were no deaths during the study. Variations in bodyweight were not considered significant as they are frequently seen in animals of this strain and age and normal body weight development was noted during the study.
Some clinical signs were observed. Signs of hunched posture and pilo-erection are commonly seen in animals for short periods on removal from the chamber following 4-h inhalation studies. Wet fur is commonly recorded both during and for a short period after exposure. These observations are considered to be associated with the restraint procedure and, in isolation, are not indicative of toxicity.
In addition to the observations considered to be due to the restraint procedure there were frequent occurrences of increased respiratory rate and laboured respiration during exposure. An isolated occurrence of decreased respiratory rate was also noted. On removal from the chamber, animals showed increased respiratory rate. There were occasional occurrences of laboured respiration and isolated instances of noisy respiration. One hour after removal, a slight improvement in the condition was observed.
One day after exposure, observations noted in all animals were limited to increased respiratory rate and hunched posture only. Animals recovered quickly to appear normal from Days 2 to 3 post-exposure.
At necropsy there were no macroscopic abnormalities detected amongst six animals; however in some animals abnormally red lungs with dark or pale patches were observed.
As no deaths occurred in a group of ten rats exposed to mean achieved atmosphere concentration of 4.98 mg/L for four hours, it was therefore considered that the acute inhalation median lethal concentration (4 hr LC50) of the test substance in the rat was greater than 4.98 mg/L.
Justification for selection of acute toxicity – oral endpoint
The study was performed according to an internationally recognised test guideline in an appropriate test species and was performed according to GLP.
Justification for selection of acute toxicity – inhalation endpoint
The study was performed according to an internationally recognised test guideline in an appropriate test species and was performed according to GLP.
Justification for classification or non-classification
Acute toxicity means adverse effects occurring following oral or dermal administration of a single dose of a substance, or doses given within 24 h, or an inhalation exposure of 4 h. Substances can be allocated to one of four toxicity categories based on acute toxicity by the oral, dermal or inhalation routes.
In the case of the acute oral toxicity study there were no deaths during the study and therefore the LD50 was estimated to be greater than 2500 mg/kg bodyweight. This is greater than the requirement of ≤ 2000 mg/kg bodyweight required for classification and therefore the test substance is not classified or acute oral toxicity.
In order to be classified for acute inhalation toxicity, an LC50 of ≤ 5.0 mg/L is required. In the case of the acute inhalation study, a target concentration of 5.0 mg/L was used for the exposure. As the mean achieved concentration was 99.6 % of target and no deaths occurred, the acute inhalation median lethal concentration (4 hr LC50) of the test substance in the rat was greater than 4.98 mg/L and no further testing was required. The test substance is not considered classified for acute inhalation toxicity.
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