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EC number: 202-288-5 | CAS number: 93-92-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 22 January 2010 to 25 February 2010
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Name: Benzyl Acetate
Description: clear colorless liquid
Batch Number: 75467
Date Received: 21 Dec 2009
Expiry date: 21 June 2010
Purity: 99.89% (benzyl alcohol present at 0.014%) - Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Samples were taken from the control (replicates R1 - R6 pooled) and each test group (replicates R1 - R3 pooled) at 0 and 72 hours for quantitative analysis. Duplicate samples were taken at 0 and 72 hours and stored at approximately -20 ºC for further analysis if necessary.
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION- Method: 160 mg test substance was dissolved directly in culture medium and the volume adjusted to 1 litre to give a 160 mg/L stock solution from which a series of dilutions was made to give further stock solutions of 80, 40, 20 and 10 mg/L. An aliquot (500 mL) of each of the stock solutions was separately inoculated with algal suspension (11.8 mL) to give the required test concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/L. Each of the prepared concentrations was inverted several times to ensure adequate mixing and homogeneity.
- Test organisms (species):
- Desmodesmus subspicatus (previous name: Scenedesmus subspicatus)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM- Strain: CCAP 276/20- Source: Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP), Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Oban, Argyll, UK - Culture maintenance: Master cultures were maintained in the laboratory by the periodic replenishment of culture medium. The master cultures were maintained in the laboratory under constant aeration and constant illumination at 21 ± 1 ºC.ACCLIMATION- Culturing media and conditions: Prior to the start of the test sufficient master culture was added to approximately 100 mL volumes of culture media contained in conical flasks to give an initial cell density of approximately 10³ cells/mL. The flasks were plugged with polyurethane foam stoppers and kept under constant agitation by orbital shaker (100 - 150 rpm) and constant illumination at 24 ± 1 ºC until the algal cell density was approximately 10^4 to 10^5 cells/mL.
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Test temperature:
- 24 ± 1 ºC
- pH:
- 7.1 - 7.6
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Control, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 mg/L (nominal)< LOQ, 1.0, 7.1, 23, 52, 113 mg/L (geometric mean measured test concenttrations)
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM- Test vessel: 250 mL glass conical flasks - Type: closed (conical flasks were plugged with polyurethane bungs)- Fill volume: 100 mL- Initial cell density: 4 x 10³ cells/mL- No. of vessels per concentration: triplicate- No. of vessels per control: sixGROWTH MEDIUM- Standard medium used: yes- The culture medium used was the same as that used to maintain the stock culture The culture medium was composed of the following: NaNO3 (25.5 mg/L), MgCl2.6H2O (12.164 mg/L), CaCl2.2H2O (4.41 mg/L), MgSO4.7H2O (14.7 mg/L), K2HPO4 (1.044 mg/L), NaHCO3 (15 mg/L), H3BO3 (0.1855 mg/L), MnCl2.4H2O (0.415 mg/L), ZnCl2 (0.00327 mg/L), FeCl3.6H2O (0.159 mg/L), CoCl2.6H2O (0.00143 mg/L), Na2MoO4.2H2O (0.00726 mg/L), CuCl2.2H2O (0.00012 mg/L), Na2EDTA.2H2O (0.3 mg/L), Na2SeO3.5H2O (0.00001 mg/L)TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS- Source/preparation of dilution water: reverse osmosis purified deionised water (Elga Optima 15+ or Elga Purelab Option R-15 BP)- Adjustment of pH: with 0.1N NaOH or HCl to pH 7.5 ± 0.1OTHER TEST CONDITIONS- Photoperiod: continuous illumination- Light intensity and quality: approximately 7000 lux provided by warm white lighting (380 - 730 nm)EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED :Samples were taken at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours and the cell densities determined using a Coulter® Multisizer Particle CounterRANGE FINDING STUDY- Test concentrations: 0.10, 1.0, 10 and 100 mg/L (in duplicate)- Test conditions: as for definitive study- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: yes
- Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 110 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 92 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 52 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 52 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Details on results:
- Growth rate (r) and yield (y) of Desmodesmus subspicatus were affected by the presence of the test substance over the 72 hour exposure period. Refer to results tables in "Any other information on results incl. tables" for further information.
The data is being used in a read-across approach to address toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria of the registered substance, 1-phenylethyl acetate (see target record). The preferred observational end point in the algal growth inhibition test is growth rate because it is not dependent on the test design (ECHA guidance Chapter R.7b v1.1). The EU CLP regulation (No 1272/2008 and its adaption 286/2011) also states that classification should be based on the ErC50. Thus the 72-h EC50 and NOEC based on growth rate have been chosen as the key values for read-across and classification purposes. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of the study, benzyl acetate was determined to have 72h EC50 values, based on geometric means, of 110 mg/L (growth rate) and 92 mg/L (yield). The NOEC was determined to be 52 mg/L (growth rate and yield) and the LOEC to be 113 mg/L (growth rate and yield).
The data is being used in a read-across approach to address the toxicity to aqautic algae and cyanobacteria of the registered substance, 1-phenylethyl acetate (see target record). The preferred observational end point in the algal growth inhibition test is growth rate because it is not dependent on the test design (ECHA guidance Chapter R.7b v1.1). The EU CLP regulation (No 1272/2008 and its adaption 286/2011) also states that classification should be based on the ErC50. Thus the 72-h EC50 and NOEC based on growth rate have been chosen as the key values for read-across and classification purposes. - Executive summary:
The effect of the test substance on the growth of the green alga Desmodesmus subspicatus was determined according to standardised guidelines OECD 201 and EU Method C.3. Following a preliminary range-finding test, D. subspicatus was exposed to an aqueous solution of the test substance at concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/L (three replicate flasks per concentration) for 72 hours, under constant illumination and shaking at a temperature of 24 ± 1 ºC. Samples of the algal population were removed daily and cell concentrations determined for each control and treatment group, using a Coulter® Multisizer Particle Counter.
Analysis of the test preparations at 0 hours showed measured test concentrations to be near nominal. A concentration dependent decline in measured concentrations was observed at 72 hours in the range of 1% to 50% of nominal. This decline indicated that the test substance was unstable, particularly at the lower test concentrations employed. A further decline in measured concentrations was considered to be due to adsorption of the test substance to the algal cells present. Adsorption was not a factor in the preliminary stability analyses conducted as no algal cells were present. Results are therefore based on the geometric mean measured test concentrations in order to give a 'worst case' analysis of the data.
Exposure of D. subspicatus to the test substance gave the following results based on the geometric measured test concentrations:
Response variable
EC50 (mg/L)
NOEC (mg/L)
LOEC (mg/L)
Growth rate
110
52
113
Yield
92
52
113
Reference
Range-finding Test
No effects on growth were seen at test concentrations of 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/L. However, growth was observed to be reduced at 100 mg/L. Based in this information, test concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/L were selected for the definitive test.
Definitive Test
Growth rate (r) and yield (y) of Desmodesmus subspicatus were affected by the presence of the test material over the 72 hour exposure period.
Table 1: Mean Cell Densities and pH Values - Definitive Test
Nominal conc (mg/L) |
pH |
Cell densities (cells/mL) mean values at time |
pH |
|||
0 h |
0 h |
24 h |
48 h |
72 h |
72 h |
|
Control |
7.1 |
4.30 x 10^3 |
1.11 x 10^4 |
2.36 x 10^4 |
1.02 x 10^5 |
7.6 |
10 |
7.1 |
4.21 x 10^3 |
1.07 x 10^4 |
2.47 x 10^4 |
9.79 x 10^4 |
7.5 |
20 |
7.1 |
4.54 x 10^3 |
9.26 x 10^3 |
2.19 x 10^4 |
1.14 x 10^5 |
7.5 |
40 |
7.1 |
4.40 x 10^3 |
6.70 x 10^3 |
2.09 x 10^4 |
1.03 x 10^5 |
7.5 |
80 |
7.1 |
4.29 x 10^3 |
7.58 x 10^3 |
2.30 x 10^4 |
1.37 x 10^5 |
7.5 |
160 |
7.1 |
4.40 x 10^3 |
4.68 x 10^3 |
1.03 x 10^4 |
2.42 x 10^4 |
7.3 |
Table 2: Inhibition of Growth Rate and Yield - Mean Values in the Definitive Test
Nominal conc (mg/L) |
Growth rate (cells/mL/hour) |
Yield (cells/mL) |
||
0 - 72 h |
% inhibition |
0 - 72 h |
% inhibition |
|
Control |
0.045 |
9.76 x 10^4 |
||
10 |
0.045 |
1 |
9.37 x 10^4 |
4 |
20 |
0.047 |
[3] |
1.10 x 10^5 |
[12] |
40 |
0.045 |
[1] |
9.86 x 10^4 |
[1] |
80 |
0.049 |
[9] |
1.33 x 10^5 |
[36] |
160 |
0.025 |
44 |
1.98 x 10^4 |
80 |
[increase in growth as compared to controls]
Inhibition of growth rate
ErC10 (0 - 72 h) = 150 mg/L
ErC20 (0 - 72 h) = 150 mg/L
ErC50 (0 - 72 h) = 160 mg/L
Inhibition of yield
EyC10 (0 - 72 h) = 100 mg/L
EyC20 (0 - 72 h) = 110 mg/L
EyC50 (0 - 72 h) = 130 mg/L
Observations on Cultures
All test and control cultures were inspected microscopically at 72 hours. After 72 hours there were no abnormalities detected in the control or test cultures at 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/L, however, no intact cells were observed to be present in the test culture at 160 mg/L.
Observations on Test Substance Solubility
At the start of the test all control, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/L test cultures were observed to be clear colourless solutions. After the 72 hour test period all 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/L test cultures were observed to be pale green dispersions whilst the 160 mg/L test cultures were observed to be clear colourless solutions.
Verification of Test Concentrations
Analysis of the test preparations at 0 hours showed measured test concentrations to be near nominal. A concentration dependent decline in measured concentrations was observed at 72 hours in the range of 1% to 50% of nominal. This decline indicated that the test substance was unstable, particularly at the lower test concentrations employed. A further decline in measured concentrations was considered to be due to adsorption of the test substance to the algal cells present. Adsorption was not a factor in the preliminary stability analyses conducted as no algal cells were present. Results are therefore based on the geometric mean measured test concentrations in order to give a 'worst case' analysis of the data. The geometric mean measured test concentrations were determined to be:
Nominal test conc (mg/L) |
Geometric mean measured test conc (mg/L) |
Expressed as a % of nominal |
|
10 |
1.0 |
10 |
|
20 |
7.1 |
36 |
|
40 |
23 |
58 |
|
80 |
52 |
65 |
|
160 |
113 |
71 |
The following results were determined from the data based on the geometric mean measured test concentrations:
Growth rate
ErC10 (0 - 72 h) = 100 mg/L
ErC20 (0 - 72 h) = 110 mg/L
ErC50 (0 - 72 h) = 110 mg/L
Yield
EyC10 (0 - 72 h) = 67 mg/L
EyC20 (0 - 72 h) = 75 mg/L
EyC50 (0 - 72 h) = 92 mg/L
NOEC = 52 mg/L
LOEC = 113 mg/L
Description of key information
The toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria of 1-phenylethyl acetate has been assessed using a read-across approach from the analogue substance, benzyl acetate. The EC50 of benzyl acetate was determined to be 110 mg/L according to a study performed in line with OECD Guideline 201 and EU Method C.3.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for freshwater algae:
- 110 mg/L
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
- 52 mg/L
Additional information
Reliable measured toxicity data to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria is not available for 1-phenylethyl acetate. Since a valid study is available for the analogue substance, benzyl acetate, a read-across approach has been used. The effect of the test substance on the growth of the green alga Desmodesmus subspicatus was determined according to standardised guidelines OECD 201 and EU Method C.3. Following a preliminary range-finding test, D. subspicatus was exposed to an aqueous solution of the test substance at concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/L (three replicate flasks per concentration) for 72 hours, under constant illumination and shaking at a temperature of 24 ± 1 ºC. Samples of the algal population were removed daily and cell concentrations determined for each control and treatment group, using a Coulter®Multisizer Particle Counter.
Analysis of the test preparations at 0 hours showed measured test concentrations to be near nominal. A concentration dependent decline in measured concentrations was observed at 72 hours in the range of 1% to 50% of nominal. This decline indicated that the test substance was unstable, particularly at the lower test concentrations employed. A further decline in measured concentrations was considered to be due to adsorption of the test substance to the algal cells present. Adsorption was not a factor in the preliminary stability analyses conducted as no algal cells were present. Results are therefore based on the geometric mean measured test concentrations in order to give a 'worst case' analysis of the data.
Exposure of D. subspicatus to the test substance gave the following results based on the geometric measured test concentrations:
Response variable |
EC50 (mg/L) |
NOEC (mg/L) |
LOEC (mg/L) |
Growth rate |
110 |
52 |
113 |
Yield |
92 |
52 |
113 |
The read-across is considered to be suitable based on the structural and 'mechanistic action' similarities between the target substance (1-phenylethyl acetate) and source substance (benzyl acetate) and their similar physico-chemical properties.
The preferred observational endpoint in this study is algal growth rate inhibition because it is not dependent on the test design (ECHA guidance Chapter R.7b v1.1). Thus the ErC50 is used for classification purposes.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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