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EC number: 309-849-4 | CAS number: 101316-44-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2001-10-03 - 2003-02-03
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: guideline study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 003
- Report date:
- 2003
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Acetophenone
- EC Number:
- 202-708-7
- EC Name:
- Acetophenone
- Cas Number:
- 98-86-2
- Molecular formula:
- C8H8O
- IUPAC Name:
- 1-phenylethanone
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): acetophenone
- Substance type: aromatic ketone
- Physical state: liquid
- Analytical purity: 98.71% (test substance obtained from JLM Chemicals, Inc.)
- Impurities (identity and concentrations): phenol (0.068%), alpha methylstyrene (0.204%), water (0.13%)
- Purity test date: 22.05.2001
- Lot/batch No.: R104-044
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: unknown
- Stability under test conditions: not reported
- Storage condition of test material: Test substance was stored at room temperature in the dark.
Constituent 1
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: Nominal acetophenone concentrations of 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/l were tested.
- Sampling method: At test initiation (test day 0), one replicate of each treatment was sacrificed for analytical verification of the acetophenone concentration. At test termination (72 h), the remaining three replicates of each treatment were also sampled for concentration verification. Each replicate was first subsampled for algal cell density and/or absorbance determination. To collect each analytical chemistry sample, approximately 100 mL of test solution was collected using a syringe, filtered through 0.45 µm polyethersulfone filters, transferred into one approximately labeled 100 mL glass bottle, and the bottles were sealed.
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: no
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: Each test concentration was prepared in a batch and was covered and mixed on a stir plate for approximately 10 min
to allow complete dissolution of the test substance. The test solutions were then gently poured into the replicate test containers
so as to avoid volatilization of acetophenone.
- Controls: performed (test substance omitted in the test medium)
- Evidence of undissolved material (e.g. precipitate, surface film, etc): no
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Raphidocelis subcapitata
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): Raphidocelis subcapitata was obtained from the Fort Collins Environmental Toxicology Laboratory (FCETL) in-house culture (FCETL stock culture number 121301)
- Age of inoculum (at test initiation): 5 d
- Method of cultivation: R. subcapitata was typically cultured at FCETL using MSMBL medium. The algae used for this test were taken from a subculture grown in fortified US EPA algal assay procedure (AAP) growth medium specified by US EPA 1978 and ASTM 1996. This subculture was established five days prior to test initiation in order to obtain a log-phase culture for inoculum preparation. The subculture was grown at 24 +/- 2°C under continuous broad-spectrum lighting and was continuously agitated on a rotary shaker.
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 5 d
- Culturing media and conditions (same as test or not): R. subcapitata was typically cultured using MSMBL medium. The medium used in the test was fortified AAP according to US EPA 1978 and ASTM 1996.
- Any deformed or abnormal cells observed: not reported
Study design
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
Test conditions
- Test temperature:
- 24 +/- 2°C (the test temperature reached 27°C in the test chambers for the nominal test concentration of 25 mg/L at 24 and 48 h of testing, and in nominal concentration 100 mg/L at 24 h of testing)
- pH:
- 0 h: 8.3-8.4 (in all test runs)
96 h: 8.3-9.4 (in all test runs) - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal and measured acetophenone concentrations
Nominal acetophenone Measured acetophenone concentration (mg/L)
concentration (mg/L) 0 h 72 h
A B C Overall average
0 (control) 0.23* 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
12.5 11.9 12.4 12.5 12.0 12.2
25 23.8 25.0 25.2 25.1 24.8
50 46.5 49.9 49.9 48.9 48.8
100 94.7 102 102 100 99.7
200 192 198 197 199 196
*control acetophenone measurements which were < method reporting limit (MRL) are reported as half the MRL, or 0.23 mg/L - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 300-mL glass BOD bottles
- Type (delete if not applicable): closed
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: glass/300 mL/50 mL/250 mL
- Aeration: no
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter): static test conditions
- Initial cells density: 1.4 x 10E4 cells/mL in the test chambers (mean of 3 measurements)
- Control end cells density: 9.4 x 10E5 (increase after 72 h: 67.1 determined by direct microscopic cell count//82.5x increase of absorbance at 72 h; )
- No. of organisms per vessel: 1.03 x 10E6 cells/mL
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 7
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 7
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): no vehicle used
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes (fortified algal assay procedure growth medium according to US EPA 1978 and ASTM 1996)
- Detailed composition if non-standard medium was used: see above
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: dilution water was prepared according to US EPA using sterile, deionized (i.e., Milli-Q) water
- Conductivity: 622-630 µS/cm (initial value in the definite test runs)
- Culture medium different from test medium: yes
- Other: The test was conducted in BOD bottles stoppered with ground-glass stoppers and the necks were wrapped with Parafilm. To reduce the negative effect of the limited gas exchange on algal growth, the algal assay medium was fortified with 500 mg/L additional sodium bicarbonate.
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: yes(medium was sterilized using a vacuum filtration apparatus)
- Adjustment of pH: the pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.5 +/- 0.1; the pH during the definite test was 8.3-8.4 (at the beginning of the test; 0 h) and 8.3-9.2 after 96 h
- Photoperiod: continuous illumination
- Light intensity and quality: 743 +/- 148 ft-c (8000 +/- 1600 lux)
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : growth rates were determined daily
- Determination of cell concentrations: [counting chamber; electronic particle counter; fluorimeter; spectrophotometer; colorimeter]: growth rates were calculated from absorbance data measured by spectrophotometer at 750 nm
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations:
- Justification for using less concentrations than requested by guideline:
- Range finding study
- Test concentrations: 0, 20, 60, 200, 600, and 2000 mg/L nominal
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: 72 h EC50=63.9 mg/L - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 40 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% C.L.: 22.9-57.1 mg/L
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 86.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% C.L.:74.6-96.2 mg/L
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 24.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Details on results:
- - Exponential growth in the control (for algal test): yes
- Observation of abnormalities (for algal test): not reported
- Unusual cell shape: not reported
- Colour differences: not reported
- Flocculation: not reported
- Adherence to test vessels: not reported
- Aggregation of algal cells: not reported
- Any stimulation of growth found in any treatment: no
- Any observations (e.g. precipitation) that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values: not reported
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: no - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Calculations for individual growth rates, areas under the curve, and per cent inhibition values followed equations from OECD TG 201. The concentration estimated to cause 50% decrease in algal growth rate (relative to the control) after 72 h of exposure was calculated using a linear interpolation (ICp) method and expressed as ECr50 (0-72 h). Replicate growth rates were calculated from absorbance data at test initiation vs test termination (72 h) and overall average measured acetophenone concentrations were entered into the ICp program, which uses linear interpolation to generate the IC50/EC50 and 95% confidence interval (Norberg-King 1993). The concentration estimated to cause a 50% decrease in algal growth rate expressed as 'area under the curve' (relative to the control) throughout the 72 h exposure was calculated using nonlinear regression (SPSS 1997) and expressed as ECb50 (0-72 h). The NOEC was identified using Dunnett's Test after verifying test data normality and homogeneity using Shapiro-Wilk's and Bartlett's Tests, respectively (West, Inc. 1996).
Any other information on results incl. tables
The toxicity of acetophenone to Raphidocelis subcapitata was investigated in a study conducted according to OECD guideline 201. The following results were obtained:
1. Calculated area under the growth curve (calculated acc. To guideline)
Measured acetophenone concentration (mg/L) |
AUC (area under growth curve) |
% inhibition of AUC |
Control |
0.210 |
0 |
12.2 |
0.171 |
18.6 |
24.8 |
0.157 |
25.4 |
48.8 |
0.099 |
52.9 |
99.7 |
0.022 |
89.3 |
196 |
0.007 |
96.8 |
2. Final calculated algal specific growth rate (72 h)
Measured acetophenone concentration (mg/L) |
Specific growth rate |
|||
A |
B |
C |
Average |
|
Control |
1.470 |
1.564 |
1.343 |
1.459 |
12.2 |
1.320 |
1.330 |
1.234 |
1.295 |
24.8 |
1.242 |
1.378 |
1.391 |
1.337 |
48.8 |
1.145 |
1.217 |
1.092 |
1.151 |
99.7 |
0.519 |
0.611 |
0.611 |
0.580 |
196 |
0.135 |
0.187 |
0.305 |
0.209 |
The NOEC was the measured concentration of 24.8 mg/L. The 72 h ECb50, based on area under the growth curve and average measured acetophenone concentrations, was 40 mg/L (95% C.I.: 22.9-57.1 mg/L). The 72 h-ECr50, based on growth rate and average measured acetophenone concentrations, was 86.4 mg/L (95% C.I.: 74.6-96.2 mg/L).
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- In a toxicity study with Raphidocelis subcapitata conducted according to OECD guideline 201, the NOEC, 72 h ECb50, and 72 h-ECr50 were determined to be 24.8 mg/L, 40 mg/L (95% C.I.: 22.9-57.1 mg/L), and 86.4 mg/L (95% C.I.: 74.6-96.2 mg/L; effective), respectively.
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