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EC number: 308-765-5 | CAS number: 98246-91-4 Product obtained and separated during the melting of nickel and other non-ferrous metals containing raw materials. Consists primarily of antimonides and arsenides of copper and nickel.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
Local effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Additional information - workers
The UVCB is a complex inorganic metals containing substance. The physico-chemical characterization of the UVCB (see relevant section in IUCLID) demonstrates that metal species; intermetallic, metal sulfides resulted in relatively high solubilisation potential in water for most of the metals present in the UVCB.
Hazard conclusions for the purpose of classification
The UVCB is treated as a complex metal containing substance with a number of discrete constituting compounds (metals, metal compounds, non-metal inorganic compounds). The hazard classifications of each compound are then factored into a combined classification of the UVCB as a whole. For health endpoints, UVCB classifications are based on the combined hazards of the compounds whereby additivity or key cut off levels, specified in look-up tables are used, depending on the endpoint and amount of information available for the constituting compounds. The classification was derived using Meclas (MEtals CLASsification tool - see www.meclas.eu), a calculation tool that follows classification guidance and implementation in accordance to legal rules and technical guidance from ECHA and CLP see IUCLID section 13 attachment for MeClas Classification conclusions.
Table28:Summary of the information on toxicological information for the purpose of classification
UVCB constituent |
Variabiliy of elemental composition |
Classification according each relevant endpoint |
|
Element |
Speciation* taken forward for Tier 1 classification |
|
|
Ag |
Ag massive |
Maximum |
Not classified |
As |
As compounds |
Maximum |
Harmonised classification of the speciation, see MECLAS report in CSR Annex I |
|
NiAs |
Maximum |
Harmonised classification of the speciation, see MECLAS report in CSR Annex I |
Ca |
Ca |
Maximum |
Not classified |
Co |
Co |
Maximum |
Harmonised classification of the speciation, see MECLAS report in CSR Annex I |
Cu |
Cu massive |
Maximum |
Not classified |
|
CuS |
Maximum |
Self-classification of the speciation, see MECLAS report in CSR Annex I |
Fe |
Fe/Fe compounds (e.g. FeS2) |
Maximum |
Not classified |
Na |
Na2S |
Maximum |
Harmonised classification of the speciation +self classification for eye damage, see MECLAS report in CSR Annex I |
Ni |
Ni3S2 |
Maximum |
Self-classification of the speciation, see MECLAS report in CSR Annex I |
|
Ni massive |
Maximum |
Harmonised classification of the speciation, see MECLAS report in CSR Annex I |
Pb |
Lead compounds with the exception of those specified elsewhere in Annex VI |
Maximum |
Harmonised classification of the speciation +self classification for carcinogenicity, see MECLAS report in CSR Annex I |
S |
Metal sulphides/sulphates |
Maximum |
Classification see metal specific entry |
Sb |
Sb metal |
Maximum |
Not classified |
Se |
Se |
Maximum |
Harmonised classification of the speciation, see MECLAS report in CSR Annex I |
Si |
Si |
Maximum |
Not classified |
Sn |
Sn |
Maximum |
Not classified |
Te |
Te |
Maximum |
Self-classification of the speciation, see MECLAS report in CSR Annex I |
Zn |
ZnS |
Maximum |
Not classified |
· see IUCLID/CSR section 1.2 composition and IUCLID 4.23 additional Physico-chemical Information
Selection of the DNEL(s) for the purpose of risk assessment
The UVCB is an intermediate, with a very limited life cycle (manufacturing and industrial uses only). Testing the UVCB is difficult because of the large uncertainty involved when selecting representative samples due to the variable elemental concentrations in the composition of the UVCB.Derivation of a DNEL for the UVCB as such is therefore difficult to interpret and to extrapolateresults of testing to the entirety of variations of the UVCB because of the uncertainty related to the representativeness of the testing. Also, exposure to the UVCB cannot be measured or odeled because of the multi-constituent character of the UVCB. For these reasons, the UVCB toxicological assessment is driven by the assessment of the individual UVCB constituents.
The human health assessment is based on all hazardous constituents for human health of the UVCB.
The scope of the exposure assessment and type of risk characterization required for workers for each constituent is described in section 9 of this CSR.
Table29:Summary of the information on toxicological information for the purpose of risk assessment
UVCB constituent |
Variability in chemical composition |
DNELs for systemic and local effects, inhalation and dermal route, short term and long term. |
|
Element |
Speciation used for occupational exposure assessment |
||
As |
As compounds |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective DNEL summary in IUCLID and table below |
|
NiAs |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective DNEL summary in IUCLID and table below |
Co |
Co |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective DNEL summary in IUCLID and table below |
Na |
Na2S |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective DNEL summary in IUCLID and table below |
Ni |
Ni3S2 |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective DNEL summary in IUCLID and table below |
|
Ni massive |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective DNEL summary in IUCLID and table below |
Pb |
Lead compounds with the exception of those specified elsewhere in Annex VI |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective DNEL summary in IUCLID and table below |
Se |
Se |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective DNEL summary in table below |
Cu |
Cu massive |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective DNEL summary in table below |
|
CuS |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective DNEL summary in table below |
Zn |
ZnS |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective DNEL summary in table below |
Sn |
Sn |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective DNEL summary in table below |
Sb |
Sb metal |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective DNEL summary in table below |
Te |
Te |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective DNEL summary in table below |
Different speciation is relevant to consider. In some cases, human health toxicity is driven by free metal ion. In other cases, human health toxicity is different per species and since the speciation of the exposure is not always known, the species with the worst-case DNEL was further considered for the assessment. Toxicological information on the individual UVCB constituents is reported in each constituent summary for which a quantitative exposure and risk assessment was conducted (the information is taken from the respective constituent IUCLID dossiers).
The relevant copper speciations for occupational exposure are Cu2+ion, CuS, CuSO4, Cu2O and CuO. There is no difference between the DNEL values of these speciations (apart from the molecular weight conversion). The DNEL values are therefore based on the soluble form. There is no separate DNEL derived for powder form. The common DNEL values are taken forward to risk characterisation.
The relevant lead speciations for occupational exposure are lead metal and Pb sulphide. All DNELs are based upon systemic biomarkers of exposure and not on external exposure. The DNEL values used for occupational exposure assessment are therefore based on internal concentration of soluble lead concentrations.
Workers can be exposed to arsenic under different speciations i.e. arsenic metal, arsenic sulfide, arsenic sulphate and diarsenic trioxide. Only DNEL values are available for diarsenic trioxide. It is assumed that the arsenic ion is the driver for toxicity. The DNEL for arsenic can therefore be calculated based on the DNEL of arsenic oxide using the molecular weight conversion. These recalculated DNEL values are used for the risk assessment of arsenic. The same rationale holds for antimony.
The relevant nickel speciations are Ni metal, Ni sulphates, Ni sulfide and Ni oxide. There are differences in DNEL values between these speciations for a few type of effects. The DNEL values of the worst-case speciation form are therefore taken forward to risk characterisation. Ni sulphate has the lowest systemic acute inhalation DNEL of 16 mg Ni/m3(16-680 mg Ni/m3). Ni sulfide has a DNEL of 0.47 mg/m3for the local acute inhalation effects (range 0.47-4 mg Ni/m3). The local long-term dermal DNEL of 0.00044 mg Ni/cm2/day (range 0.00044 -0.07 mg Ni/cm2/day) is taken forward to risk characterisation.
Zn substances are divided in 2 solubility groups: “soluble” substances or “slightly soluble”/“insoluble” substances. The “soluble” DNEL values are selected since these have the lowest (worst-case) DNEL values.
SnSO4has the lowest DNEL values compared to SnS and Sn metal and are taken forward to risk characterisation. For Co the same approach has been taken for the relevant metallic, sulfide, sulfate, and oxide speciations.
For Ca and Na, these elements are considered to be non-hazardous at the levels of potential exposure. Any potential toxicological effects from these elements are due to the oxide or sulphate speciation. These effects are already covered by the existing metal elements.
Table30: Human health hazard conclusions taken forward to CSA
Route |
Type of effect |
Cu |
Pb |
As |
Ni |
|||||||
Ni metal |
NiSO4 |
NiS |
NiO |
|||||||||
Assessment rationale for different speciation |
Conservative read-across from Cu2+ |
Lead cation is the primary mediator of lead toxicity |
Arsenic ion is the driver for toxicity |
Difference between Ni metal and Ni sulphate, Ni sulphide, Ni oxide |
||||||||
Inhalation |
Systemic Long Term |
See internal DNEL |
See internal DNEL |
1.9mg As/m3(read across from As2O3: 5mg/m3) |
0.05 mg/m3 (inhalable) |
0.05 mg/m3 (inhalable) |
0.05 mg/m3 (inhalable) |
0.05 mg/m3 (inhalable) |
||||
Systemic Acute |
20.0 mg/m3 |
DNEL not relevant (Pb is not acutely toxic) |
No hazard |
680 mg/m3 |
16 mg/m3 |
16.8 mg/m3 |
520 mg/m3 |
|||||
Local Long Term |
OEL 1 mg/m3 |
DNEL not relevant |
DNEL not relevant |
0.05 mg/m3 |
0.05 mg/m3 |
0.05 mg/m3 |
0.05 mg/m3 |
|||||
Local Acute |
OEL 1 mg/m3 |
DNEL not relevant (Pb is not acutely toxic) |
DNEL not relevant |
4 mg/m3 |
0.7 mg/m3 |
0.47 mg/m3 |
3.9 mg/m3 |
|||||
OEL (Long Term) |
1 mg/m3 (Inhalable) 0.1-0.2 mg/m3(respirable) |
0.05-0.15 mg/m3(Inhalable) |
0.01 -0.05 mg/m3(Inhalable) |
0.05-1 mg/m3 (Inhalable) |
||||||||
Dermal |
Systemic Long Term |
137 mg/kg bw/day |
See internal DNEL |
As2O3: 112μg/kg bw/day As acid: 85 μg/kg bw/d |
Negligible absorption |
Negligible absorption |
Negligible absorption |
Negligible absorption |
||||
Systemic Acute |
273 mg/kg bw/day |
DNEL not relevant (Pb is not acutely toxic) |
No hazard |
Not relevant (negligible absorption) |
Not relevant (negligible absorption) |
Not relevant (negligible absorption) |
Not relevant (negligible absorption) |
|||||
Local Long Term |
Exposure based waiving |
DNEL not relevant |
DNEL not relevant |
0.07 mg/cm2/day |
0.00044 mg/cm2/day |
0.0048 mg/cm2 |
0.024 mg/cm2/day |
|||||
Local Acute |
Exposure based waiving |
DNEL not relevant (Pb is not acutely toxic) |
DNEL not relevant |
Not applicable |
Not applicable |
Not applicable |
Not applicable |
|||||
Internal |
Systemic Long Term |
Internal DNEL (using MPPD model) 0.04075 mg/kg/day |
DNEL: Male: 40 μg/dL blood Female: 30 μg/dLblood Female of reproductive capacity: 10 μg/dL blood |
BLV 0.9739 μg/dL blood, 30 μg/g creatinine in urine |
Notassessed (indicative 1μg/dL blood) |
|||||||
Eye |
Not to be assessed since safety goggle are used where needed. |
*PTWI: Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (FAO/WHO)
**Arsenic drinking water:http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/nitratenitritesum.pdf
Route |
Type of effect |
Zn |
Sn |
Co |
Sb |
Si |
Ag |
Se |
Fe |
Na, Ca |
Te |
Assessment rationale for different speciation |
2 solubility groups: 1) "soluble" substances 2) "slightly soluble" and 'insoluble" substances |
Not in multimetallic database |
Not in multimetallic database |
Read across from antimony trioxide (Data are for Sb) |
Metallic speciation |
|
Not in multimetallic database |
|
Not in multimetallic database, non-crystalline speciation |
Not in multimetallic database, |
|
Inhalation |
Systemic Long Term |
1.25 mg/m3(soluble) 5 mg/m3(insoluble) |
8 mg/m3(SnSO4) |
Not derived, since the available data are considered insufficient for a quantitative hazard assessment. Testing proposal is issued. |
Not derived |
4 mg/m3 |
0.1mg/m3 |
0.05 mg/m3
|
No DNEL needs to be derived |
cation no hazard, anion covered by metal speciation |
Insufficient info, testing proposal |
Systemic Acute |
No threshold effect and/or no dose-response information available |
8 mg/m3(SnSO4) |
Not derived. No reason of concern for systemic toxicity because high exposure levels not covered by the long-term DNEL are not expected. |
No acute effects |
No-threshold effect available |
Not derived |
/ |
No DNEL needs to be derived |
|
Low hazard (no threshold level) |
|
Local Long Term |
No threshold effect and/or no dose-response information available |
8 mg/m3(SnSO4) |
40 ug/m3Co |
0.5 mg/m3 |
No-threshold effect available |
Not derived |
/ |
No DNEL needs to be derived |
|
Hazard unknown (no further info necessary) |
|
Local Acute |
No threshold effect and/or no dose-response information available |
8 mg/m3(SnSO4) |
No DNEL derived, since there is no reason of concern for systemic toxicity, because high exposure levels not covered by the long-term DNEL are not expected. |
No acute local effects |
No-threshold effect available |
Not derived |
/ |
No DNEL needs to be derived |
|
No hazard identified |
|
OEL (Long Term) |
ZnO fume: 4-5 mg/m3 ZnO dust: 3-15 mg/m3 ZnCl: 0.5-5 mg/m3 |
2 mg/m3 |
|
0.5mg/m3 |
No-threshold effect available |
Not derived |
0.05-0.2mg/m3 |
No DNEL needs to be derived |
|
Insufficient info, testing proposal |
|
Dermal |
Systemic Long Term |
83.3 mg/kg bw/day |
0.11 mg/kg bw/day (SnSO4) |
Not required: overall, there is no reason of concern for systemic toxicity with respect to long-term dermal exposure, because absorption can be regarded as negligible. |
234.7 mg Sb/kg bw/day
|
No-threshold effect available |
Not derived |
7 mg/kg bw/day |
No DNEL needs to be derived |
|
Hazard unknown (no further information necessary) |
Systemic Acute |
No threshold effect and/or no dose-response information available |
0.11 mg/kg bw/day (SnSO4) |
Not derived, because dermal absorption is negligible and there is no data available which indicate systemic toxicity. |
No acute effects |
No-threshold effect available |
Not derived |
/ |
No DNEL needs to be derived |
|
No hazard identified |
|
Local Long Term |
No threshold effect and/or no dose-response information available |
/ |
No DNEL derived, because with no dose-response relationship available |
No local long term effects expected |
No-threshold effect available |
Not derived |
/ |
No DNEL needs to be derived |
|
Hazard unknown (no further info necessary) |
|
Local Acute |
No threshold effect and/or no dose-response information available |
/ |
Not relevant, because no acute local effects are expected. |
No acute local effects |
|
Not derived |
/ |
|
|
No hazard identified |
Eye |
Not to be assessed since safety goggle are used where needed. |
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
Local effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Additional information - General Population
The UVCB is an intermediate, with a very limited life cycle (manufacturing and industrial uses only). Exposure of the general population to the UVCB as such is highly unlikely, derivation of DNELs for the UVCB as such is not appropriate - in addition of being meaningless.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.