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EC number: 266-021-4 | CAS number: 65996-87-4 The residue obtained from coal tar oil by an alkaline wash such as aqueous sodium hydroxide after the removal of crude coal tar acids. Composed primarily of naphthalenes and aromatic nitrogen bases.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vivo
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: chromosome aberration
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Not GLP, but key cytogenetic parameters measured comparable to guideline study.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Benzene-induced micronuclei in erythrocytes: an inhalation concentration-response study in B6C3F1 mice
- Author:
- Farris GM, Wong VA, Wong BA, Janszen DB and Shah RS
- Year:
- 1 996
- Bibliographic source:
- Mutagenesis 11, 455-462
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 474 (Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- - no positive control.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Mice were exposed to benzene vapour (up to 200 ppm; 640 mg/m3) for up to 8 weeks and blood and bone marrow samples evaluated for the presence of micronuclei within 2 hours of end of exposure
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of assay:
- micronucleus assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Benzene
- EC Number:
- 200-753-7
- EC Name:
- Benzene
- Cas Number:
- 71-43-2
- Molecular formula:
- C6H6
- IUPAC Name:
- benzene
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): High purity liquid chromatography grade benzene- Supplier: VWR Scientific, Marietta, GA, USA- Analytical purity: >99.9%
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- B6C3F1
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Inc., Portage, Nil, USA- Age at study initiation: 12 weeks±2 days - Assigned to test groups randomly: yes, by weight- Housing: one per cage in 8 m3 stainless steel and glass inhalation chambers- Diet: NIH-07 rodent chow (Ziegler Bros., Gardener, PA, USA) ad libitum- Water: Filtered tap water ad libitum- Acclimation period: 10-17 days
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: vapour
- Vehicle:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: air
- Details on exposure:
- TYPE OF INHALATION EXPOSURE: whole bodyGENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION: Benzene exposures conducted in 8 m3 stainless steel and glass Hinners-style whole body inhalation chambers. Air was conditioned to 72°F and 50% humidity and maintained at a flow of 2000 L/min through the chambers. Temperature, relative humidity, airflow and static pressure continuously monitored. - System of generation: Atmospheres of 10, 100 and 200ppm benzene generated by vaporizing liquid benzene contained in a 10-gallon stainless steel pressure vessel. A controlled flow of nitrogen was bubbled through the liquid benzene and carried vapours out of the vessel into the chamber air inlet. The 1 ppm benzene atmosphere was also generated from liquid benzene, however, the pressure vessel was maintained at 10 p.s.i. gauge pressure with nitrogen. The flow of the benzene vapours and nitrogen into the chambers controlled by mass flow controllers placed on the outlet side of the pressure vessels.TEST ATMOSPHERE- Brief description of analytical method used: An infrared (IR) gas analyser used to monitor the 0, 10, 100 and 200 ppm benzene concentrations. The 1 ppm chamber was monitored by gas chromatography.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of exposure
- Frequency of treatment:
- 6 h/day, 5 days/week
- Post exposure period:
- None. Blood and bone marrow samples collected within 2 h of end of final exposure.
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:0, 1, 10, 100 or 200 ppmBasis:other: target concentrations
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 7
- Control animals:
- yes, sham-exposed
- Positive control(s):
- none
Examinations
- Tissues and cell types examined:
- Micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPCE) in the bone marrow and blood and micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (MNCE) in the blood.
- Statistics:
- For each timepoint, the data from each benzene exposure group was compared to the controls using Dunnett's analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a 5% significance level. Linear and quadratic regression models were fit to the bone marrow NIPCE data. Evaluation of linear and quadratic curves with the data required a weighted analysis because of nonhomogeneous variability. A P value of <0.05 for lack of fit test meant that the curve was not appropriate for the data set.
Results and discussion
Test results
- Sex:
- male
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Remarks:
- at exposure concentrations of 100 and 200 ppm
- Toxicity:
- yes
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not applicable
- Negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- not applicable
- Additional information on results:
- Atmosphere analysis: The analytical concentrations of benzene within the individual chambers were stable during each exposure period and over the time course of the studies. The actual concentrations of benzene averaged 0.95±0.09, 9.9±1.2, 98.5±1.5 and 198.5±4.8 ppm.
Any other information on results incl. tables
100 and 200 ppm benzene induced a statistically significant increased frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes in the bone marrow and blood. No such increase was observed at levels of 1 or 10ppm benzene. The increase was seen at weeks 1, 2, 4 and 8 of exposure, and the frequency of MPCE plateaued at week 2 with 43/1000 (100 ppm) and 86/1000 (200 ppm) in the bone marrow as compared with 10/1000 for controls. The frequency of MNCE in the blood progressively increased to 13.4/1000 (100 ppm) and 32.5/1000 (200 ppm) at week 8 as compared with 1.8/1000 for controls. Cytotoxicity was seen at 100 and 200 ppm with decreases in both PCE and total erythrocyte counts.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information): positive at exposure levels of 100 ppm and 200 ppmBenzene produced an increased frequency of micronuclei following inhalation exposure in mice and is considered to be an in vivo clastogen.
- Executive summary:
The frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPCE) in the bone marrow and blood and micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (MNCE) in the blood of male B6C3F1 mice were measured following inhalation of benzene at 0, 1, 10, 100 or 200 ppm for 1, 2, 4 or 8 weeks of exposure. 100 and 200 ppm benzene induced a statistically significant increased frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes and/or micronucleated erythrocytes in the bone marrow and blood of exposed animals at all time points. It is concluded that benzene is an in vivo clastogen.
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