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EC number: 241-409-6 | CAS number: 17372-87-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Biodegradation in water: screening tests
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Justification for type of information:
- Experimental result using OECD guidelines.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 D (Ready Biodegradability: Closed Bottle Test)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Biodegradation study was conducted according to OECD Guideline 301 D (Ready Biodegradability: Closed Bottle Test) for evaluating the percentage biodegradability of test chemical.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- other: Mixed inoculum
- Details on inoculum:
- Mixed Inoculum Preparation:Polyseed were used for this study. 1 polyseed capsule was added in 500 ml D.I water and then stirred for 1 hour for proper mixing and functioning of inoculum. This gave the bacterial count as 10E7 to 10E8 CFU/ml. At the regular interval microbial plating was also performed on agar to confirm the vitality and CFU count of microorganism.
- Duration of test (contact time):
- 28 d
- Initial conc.:
- 4 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Details on study design:
- TEST CONDITIONS
- Composition of medium: OECD mineral medium was used for the study
- Test temperature: 20°C
- Continuous darkness: Yes
- Other: The water used in this study is deionized water.
TEST SYSTEM
- Culturing apparatus: The apparatus used in this study is BOD bottles; with glass stoppers (125 ml), BOD incubator & oxygen electrode and meter.
CONTROL AND BLANK SYSTEM
- Inoculum blank: it contains only test inoculum
- Procedure control: contains reference compound and inoculum
- Reference substance:
- other: Sodium Benzoate
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- 94.56
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Other details not known
- Details on results:
- The oxygen consumed by the test systems was corrected for oxygen consumption occurring in the blank test systems.The BOD Values (mgO2/mg) and percent biodegradation results for each test system arereported in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. The BOD28 value of test chemical was observed to be 0.87 mgO2/mg. ThOD was determined by calculation as 0.92 mgO2/mg. % degradation was calculated using the values of BOD and ThOD for test item and was determined to be 94.56% at 20 ± 1°C. The % degradation of procedure control (reference item) was also calculated using BOD & ThOD and was determined to be 75.3%. Degradation of Sodium Benzoate exceeds 46.38% on 7 days & 61.44% on 14th day. The activity of the inoculum was thus verified and the test can be considered as valid.
- Results with reference substance:
- The % degradation of procedure control (reference item) was also calculated using BOD & ThOD and was determined to be 75.3%. Degradation of Sodium Benzoate exceeds 46.38% on 7 days & 61.44% on 14th day. The activity of the inoculum was thus verified and the test can be considered as valid.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- The test item undergoes 94.56% biodegradation after 28 days in the test condition. Thus, the test item considered to be readily biodegradable in nature.
- Executive summary:
28-days Closed Bottle test following the OECD guideline 301 D to determine the ready biodegradability of the test item. The study was performed at a temperature of 20°C. The test system included control, test item and reference item. Polyseed were used for this study. The concentration of test and reference item (Sodium Benzoate) chosen for both the study was 4 mg/L, while that of inoculum was 32ml/l. OECD mineral medium was used for the study. ThOD (Theoretical oxygen demand) of test and reference item was determined by calculation. % degradation was calculated using the values of BOD and ThOD for test item and reference item. The % degradation of procedure control (reference item) was also calculated using BOD & ThOD and was determined to be 75.3%. Degradation of Sodium Benzoate exceeds 46.38% on 7 days & 61.44% on 14th day. The activity of the inoculum was thus verified and the test can be considered as valid. The BOD28 value of test chemical was observed to be 0.87 mgO2/mg. ThOD was calculated as 0.92 mgO2/mg. Accordingly, the % degradation of the test item after 28 days of incubation at 20 ± 1°C according to Closed Bottle test was determined to be 94.56%. Based on the results, the test item, under the test conditions, was considered to be readily biodegradable in nature.
Reference
TABLE 1: D.O Values (mg/L)
No. of Days |
Inoculum Blank (Control) |
Test Suspension |
Procedure Control (Reference Item) |
0 |
7.4 |
7.3 |
7.2 |
7 |
6.9 |
6.1 |
3.6 |
14 |
6.6 |
3.8 |
2.3 |
21 |
6.2 |
2.8 |
1.5 |
28 |
5.9 |
2.3 |
0.7 |
TABLE 2: BOD Values (mg O2/mg)
No. of Days |
Test Suspension |
Procedure Control (Reference Item) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
0.17 |
0.77 |
14 |
0.67 |
1.02 |
21 |
0.82 |
1.12 |
28 |
0.87 |
1.25 |
TABLE 3: PERCENT BIODEGRDATION RESULTS
No. of Days |
Test Suspension |
Procedure Control (Reference Item) |
0 |
0% |
0% |
7 |
18.47% |
46.38% |
14 |
72.82% |
61.44% |
21 |
89.13% |
67.46% |
28 |
94.56% |
75.3% |
Table 4: BOD28, THOD AND % BIODEGRADATION VALUES
Method details |
BOD28(mgO2/mg) |
ThOD (mgO2/mg) |
%Biodegradation |
Test Item |
0.87 |
0.92 |
94.56 |
Reference Item |
1.25 |
1.66 |
75.3 |
Description of key information
28-days Closed Bottle test following the OECD guideline 301 D to determine the ready biodegradability of the test item (Experimental study report., 2018). The study was performed at a temperature of 20°C. The test system included control, test item and reference item. Polyseed were used for this study. The concentration of test and reference item (Sodium Benzoate) chosen for both the study was 4 mg/L, while that of inoculum was 32ml/l. OECD mineral medium was used for the study. ThOD (Theoretical oxygen demand) of test and reference item was determined by calculation. % degradation was calculated using the values of BOD and ThOD for test item and reference item. The % degradation of procedure control (reference item) was also calculated using BOD & ThOD and was determined to be 75.3%. Degradation of Sodium Benzoate exceeds 46.38% on 7 days & 61.44% on 14th day. The activity of the inoculum was thus verified and the test can be considered as valid. The BOD28 value of test chemical was observed to be 0.87 mgO2/mg. ThOD was calculated as 0.92 mgO2/mg. Accordingly, the % degradation of the test item after 28 days of incubation at 20 ± 1°C according to Closed Bottle test was determined to be 94.56%. Based on the results, the test item, under the test conditions, was considered to be readily biodegradable in nature.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Biodegradation in water:
- readily biodegradable
Additional information
Various experimental studies of the test chemical were reviewed for the biodegradation end point which are summarized as below:
In an experimental key study from study report (2018), 28-days Closed Bottle test following the OECD guideline 301 D to determine the ready biodegradability of the test item. The study was performed at a temperature of 20°C. The test system included control, test item and reference item. Polyseed were used for this study. The concentration of test and reference item (Sodium Benzoate) chosen for both the study was 4 mg/L, while that of inoculum was 32ml/l. OECD mineral medium was used for the study. ThOD (Theoretical oxygen demand) of test and reference item was determined by calculation. % degradation was calculated using the values of BOD and ThOD for test item and reference item. The % degradation of procedure control (reference item) was also calculated using BOD & ThOD and was determined to be 75.3%. Degradation of Sodium Benzoate exceeds 46.38% on 7 days & 61.44% on 14th day. The activity of the inoculum was thus verified and the test can be considered as valid. The BOD28 value of test chemical was observed to be 0.87 mgO2/mg. ThOD was calculated as 0.92 mgO2/mg. Accordingly, the % degradation of the test item after 28 days of incubation at 20 ± 1°C according to Closed Bottle test was determined to be 94.56%. Based on the results, the test item, under the test conditions, was considered to be readily biodegradable in nature.
Another biodegradation study was carried out for 42 days for evaluating the percentage biodegradation of the test chemical using modified OECD Guideline 302B (U. Pagga et. al., 1986). Activated sludge was used as a test inoculum. The sources of the activated sludge were treatment plants conveniently located to the laboratories carrying out the test. These treatment plants received communal and/or industrial wastewater. Concentration of inoculum i.e, activated sludge used was 0.5 g/l and initial test substance conc. used in the study was 100 mg/l. Analytical methods involve the measurement of extinction at absorption maximum 412 nm and DOC (dissolved organic carbon). The percentage degradation of the test chemical was determined to be -3% by using DOC removal parameter in 42 days. Thus, based on percentage degradation, the chemical was considered to be not readily biodegradable in nature.
For the test chemical, biodegradation study was carried out for evaluating the percentage biodegradation of the test chemical (Laura Carmen Apostol et. al., 2012). Anaerobic granular sludge (non-adapted) collected from wastewater treatment plant of ‘‘Central de Cervejas’’, Vialonga, Portugal was used as a test inoculum for the study. The study was performed under anaerobic conditions at a temperature of 37°C and pH7 ± 0.2, respectively. The volatile suspended solids content of the biomass was determined as 0.0943 g VSS g-1.120 ml serum bottles was used as a test vessel for the study. Batch assays were conducted in 120 mL serum bottles with butyl rubber stopper, containing the biomass, 0.94 g VSS L-1, the substrate and macronutrients in a total volume of 50 mL of medium, that was buffered at a pH of 7±0.2 with NaHCO3 (2.5 g L-1).The headspace of the serum bottles was flushed with the N2:CO2 (80/20 v/v) and pre-incubation of the sludge was done overnight at 37°C, in a rotary shaker at 120 rpm. As macronutrients, 2.8 g/l NH4Cl, 2.5 g/LKH2PO4, 1 g/l MgSO4.7H2O and 0.06 g/L CaCl2 were added. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs: acetic, propionic, and butyric acid, 1:10:10) were supplemented as electron source for the reduction (2 g COD L-1). Test chemical conc. used for the study was207.55 mg/l (0.3 mM).The serum bottles were further incubated at 37°C in a rotary shaker at 120 rpm for 1 day. All the experiments were performed in triplicates.Color decrease was monitored spectrophotometrically in a 96-well plate reader (ELISA BIO-TEK, Izasa). At select intervals, samples were withdrawn (300lL), centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min to remove the biomass and/orACand diluted, with the same buffer as of the reaction, to obtain less than one absorbance unit (AU), due to the high absorbance of the dye, even at low concentrations. The visible spectra (300–900 nm) were recorded and dye concentration calculated atλmax. HPLC analyses were also performed in a HPLC (JASCO AS-2057 Plus) equipped with a DAD (Diode Array Detector) detector. A C18 reverse phase Nucleodur MNC18 (25094.0 mm, 5lM particle size and pore of 100 A ° from Machenerey-Nagel, Switzerland) column was used. The following solvent systems were used as mobile phase: solvent A (ACN) and solvent B (Sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.3). Compounds were eluted at a flow rate of 0.7 mL min-1 and at room temperature, with a linear gradient of mobile phase from 10 to 100 % of solvent A, over 15 min, followed by isocratic condition with 100% of solvent A over 10 min. Compounds elution was monitored atλmax of each dye and 230 nm. First-order reduction rate constants were calculated in OriginPro 6.1 software. The percentage decolorization of the test chemical was determined to be 7% after 1 days. Thus, based on percentage degradation, test chemical was considered to be not readily biodegradable in nature.
Second study results from peer reviewed journal indicate the chemical to be not readily biodegradable which was not performed as per the standard guideline and in third study, duration of the study was very less (i.e, 1 day), so considering the experimental study result from study report (K1) performed as per the standard OECD Guideline 301 D (Ready Biodegradability: Closed Bottle Test), it can be concluded that the test chemical is readily biodegradable in nature.
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