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EC number: 231-900-3 | CAS number: 7778-18-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Toxicity to reproduction: other studies
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to reproduction: other studies
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Supporting study only
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Effects of sulfate in water on swine reproduction and young pig performance.
- Author:
- Paterson DW, Wahlstrom RC, Libal GW & Olson OE
- Year:
- 1 979
- Bibliographic source:
- Journal of Animal Science, 49(3): 664-667
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of high sulphate waters given to swine during gestation and lactation
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of method:
- in vivo
Test material
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- pig
- Sex:
- female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- During gestation all animals were housed in uninsulated wooden colony type houses located in dry lots. Feed was restricted to 1.8 kg per head daily and fed in individual feeding stalls. Water was availabel ad libitum. Sows were allowed access to feed and water each morning adn evening for 2.0 and 1.5 hr respectively. Saline water was available in the creep area for pigs after 10 days of age
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: drinking water
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Sulfate content was determined weekly by a turbidimetric method. The average and their standard deviations for the entire experimental period were as follows: control 320 ± 24 ppm; low sulfate, 1790 ± 35 ppm and high sulfate, 3298 ± 139 ppm.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 30 days postbreeding through 28 days lactation
- Frequency of treatment:
- Water was added ad libitum
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 320 ppm
- Dose / conc.:
- 620 ppm
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 820 ppm
- Dose / conc.:
- 2 840 ppm
- Dose / conc.:
- 3 320 ppm
- Dose / conc.:
- 5 060 ppm
- Details on study design:
- The reproductive trial involved 31 sows and 27 gilts of Hampshire x Yorkshire x Duroc breeding. Sows and gilts were grouped separately on the basis of ancestry and weight. Outcome groups were randonly assigned to the three treatments. The three treatments consisted of sodium sulfate added to water to give sulfate and total dissolved solids in ppm as follows (1): 320, 620, (2) 1820, 2840 and (3) 3320, 5060.
Results and discussion
Effect levels
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 3 320 ppm
- Remarks on result:
- other: Sulfates up to and including 3320 ppm in water have no significant effect on reproduction in the gilt or sow.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1: Effect of sulfate content of water on reproductive performance
Parameter |
Added sulfates (ppm) |
Gilts |
Sows |
||
0 |
1500 |
3000 |
|||
No. litter |
12 |
13 |
14 |
16 |
23 |
Avg gestation gain, kga |
30.2 |
27.5 |
26.0 |
41.0 |
18.6 |
Avg lactation gain, kgb |
1.5 |
-5.5 |
1.7 |
5.5 |
-7.0 |
Water consumption, litters/day |
|||||
Gestation |
13.3 |
11.2 |
10.6 |
15.1 |
9.2 |
Lactation |
13.6 |
14.2 |
16.8 |
14.4 |
15.5 |
Pigs/litter |
|||||
Total |
11.1 |
10.9 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
11.7 |
Live |
9.6 |
10.0 |
8.2 |
8.7 |
9.9 |
Avg pig birth weight, kgb |
1.4 |
1.4 |
1.5 |
1.3 |
1.5 |
Avg litter birth weight, kg |
13.5 |
13.5 |
11.8 |
11.6 |
14.2 |
No. pigs at 28 days |
6.7 |
6.9 |
6.3 |
6.5 |
6.8 |
28-day pig weight, kg |
6.1 |
6.2 |
6.3 |
6.1 |
6.4 |
28-day litter weight, kg |
40.4 |
42.2 |
40.2 |
39.5 |
42.3 |
aSignificant difference (P 0.01) between gilts and sows
bSignificant difference (P 0.05) between gilts and sows
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Sulfates up to and including 3320 ppm in water have no significant effect on reproduction in the gilt or sow.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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