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EC number: 202-879-8 | CAS number: 100-69-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 19 February 2002 - 26 March 2002
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: OECD Guideline study under GLP conditions
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 002
- Report date:
- 2002
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- : Ministry of the Environment, Japan(2001)
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 2-vinylpyridine
- EC Number:
- 202-879-8
- EC Name:
- 2-vinylpyridine
- Cas Number:
- 100-69-6
- Molecular formula:
- C7H7N
- IUPAC Name:
- 2-ethenylpyridine
- Reference substance name:
- 2-ethenylpyridine
- IUPAC Name:
- 2-ethenylpyridine
- Details on test material:
- - Physical state: Red-brown and transparent liquid
- Analytical purity: 99.2 % (Capillary Column GC)
- Impurities: No data
- Lot/batch No.: ELE1957
- Storage condition of test material: in cool and dark place
- Stability under the storage condition: The test substance was stable under the storage conditions, because IR spectra of the test substance before and after the study were identical.
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Frequency: at the start and the end of the exposure
- Sampling:
At the start of the exposure: Samples were taken from the container for preparation in each exposure level
At the end of the exposure: Samples were taken from each of the three vessels per concentration, and removed algae by centrifugation.
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- The test substance was weighed and dissolved in medium to prepare a solution of 1000mg/L. The solution was filtered by pressure filtration with a membrane filter of 0.45 μm, and the filtrate was used as a stock solution.
Appropriate volume of the stock solution and the medium were mixed in the vessel to prepare the test solution. The test solution was divided into each test vessel.
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Strain: ATCC22662
- Source: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata which originally came from the American Type Culture Collection (12301 Parklawn Drive Rockville, Maryland 20852-1776 U.S.A) and have been cultured in the testing laboratory were used.
OTHER
- Confirming the reproducibility of the test conditions:
Reference substance: pottasium dichromate, reagent chemical, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
Results: 72h EbC50: 0.332 mg/L (within the acceptable range* to background data in this laboratory)
*: mean ± 2S.D.: 0.296 - 0.442 mg/L [mean± S.D.: 0.369 ± 0.036 mg/L (n=22)]
- Reason for selection of species: Species recommended in the test guideline
Study design
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- No data
- Test temperature:
- 22.9 - 23.3 °C (23 ± 2 °C)
- pH:
- At the start of exposure: 7.7 - 7.9
At the end of exposure: 7.9 - 9.5 - Dissolved oxygen:
- No data
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: 100, 55.6, 30.9, 17.1, 9.53 mg/L (geometric series with a factor of 1.8, basis on the range finding study)
Measured concentrations: 87.4, 48.1, 27.2, 15.0, 8.25 mg/L ( % of the nominal: 98.2 -102 % (0h) and 72.7 -78.1 % (72h)) - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Type: erlenmeyer flask with silicon rubber plug
- Size: 500 mL
- Fill volume: 100 mL
- Incubator: Incubator with temperature control, continuous shaking(approximately 100rpm) and continuous illumination, maintained the uniform light intensity
- Initial cells density: 1.0 × 10^4 cells/mL
- Control end cells density: 102 × 10^4 cells/mL
- No. of vessels per concentration: 3
- No. of vessels per control: 3
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes (Sterile OECD medium)
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: yes
- Photoperiod: Continuous
- Light intensity and quality: Fluorescence light (4,100 - 4,200 lux)
OBSERVATION
- Cell density: Counted with a particle counter at 24, 48, and 72 h
- Cell condition: Under microscope at the end of the exposure
- Test solutions: Appearance of the test solutions was observed before and after the exposure. The pH of the test solution was measured at the start and the end of the exposure. For the measurement of pH, another solution sampled from the vessel for preparation was used at the start of the exposure and one test vessel in each test level was used for the measurement at the end of the exposure. The temperature and light intensity in the incubator were measured once a day during the exposure. - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 50.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Dose descriptor:
- other: 24-48h EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 64.3 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Dose descriptor:
- other: 24-72h EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 64.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 30.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Dose descriptor:
- other: 24-48h NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 30.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Dose descriptor:
- other: 24-72h NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 30.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Details on results:
- EC50
EbC50 (0 - 72h): 50.8 mg/L
ErC50 (24 -48h): 64.3 mg/L
ErC50 (24 -72h): 64.4 mg/L
NOEC
NOECb (0 - 72h): 30.9 mg/L
NOECr (24 - 48h): 30.9 mg/L
NOECr (24 - 72h): 30.9 mg/L
TEST SOLUTION
Appearance:
At the preparation of the test solutions: colorless and clear
At the end of the exposure:
- 30.9 -9.53 mg/L: green due to the algae growth
- 55.6 mg/L: pale green due to the algae growth
- 100 mg/L: colorless and clear
CELL GROWTH
- Control group, 30.9 mg/L: Exponential growth: Increased to 101 or more times of initial cell density at the end of exposure, meets the validity of the test (at least 16 times growth)
- 9.53, 17.1 mg/L: A little more growth than control groups
- 55.6 mg/L: Exponential growth although inhibition has shown
- 100 mg/L: Significantly inhibited
CELL CONDITION
- 9.53, 17.1 and 30.9 mg/L: Same as control groups
- 55.6 mg/L: Swelling
- 100 mg/L: Swelling (in many cells)
There were no factors which might have affected the reliability of the test.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The results of the study were estimated by nominal concentration because the measured concentrations were kept within ±20% of nominal concentrations during the exposure.
ESTIMATION OF EC50
The percentage inhibition in each group was plotted on semilogarithmic graph against the corresponding concentration.
Linear regression analysis (least square method) was carried out using the data within the range showing linearity to estimate the EC50, which was estimated from the intercept of the regression line with the parallel drawn to the abscissa at 50% of inhibition.
The EC50 was denoted as:
based on area under the growth curve: EbC50 (0 - 72h)
based on growth rate: ErC50 (24 - 48h) or (24 - 72h)
ESTIMATION OF NOEC
Homogeneity of variance for the data: Bartlett’s test
Estimation of the significant difference in comparison with the control:
- Area under the growth curve: Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test and Dunnett’s multiple comparison test (nonparametric)
- Growth rate: One-Way ANOVA and Dunnett’s multiple comparison test
Higher concentrations than EC50 on respective parameter were excluded for each analysis.
NOEC was determined in consideration of the whole test results in addition to these results of statistical analysis.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 5. Percent growth inhibition during the 72 -hr exposure
Nominal Concentration (mg/L) |
No. | Area under the growth curves (×104) | Inhibition (%) | Growth rate (24-48h) | Inhibition (%) | Growth rate (24-72h) | Inhibition (%) |
Control | 1 | 1960 | - | 0.0678 | - | 0.0614 | - |
2 | 1960 | - | 0.0718 | - | 0.0632 | - | |
3 | 1880 | - | 0.0671 | - | 0.0626 | - | |
Mean | 1940 | - | 0.0689 | - | 0.0624 | - | |
9.53 | 1 | 2200 | -13.6 | 0.0725 | -5.25 | 0.0631 | -1.14 |
2 | 2280 | -17.8 | 0.0757 | -9.90 | 0.0668 | -7.14 | |
3 | 2180 | -12.4 | 0.0748 | -8.61 | 0.0662 | -6.14 | |
Mean | 2220 | -14.6 | 0.0743 | -7.92 | 0.0654 | -4.81 | |
17.1 | 1 | 2210 | -14.1 | 0.0711 | -3.30 | 0.0651 | -4.31 |
2 | 2150 | -11.2 | 0.0717 | -4.05 | 0.0626 | -0.399 | |
3 | 2220 | -13.5 | 0.0749 | -8.74 | 0.0648 | -3.92 | |
Mean | 2190 | -12.9 | 0.0726 | -5.36 | 0.0642 | -2.88 | |
30.9 | 1 | 2070 | -6.92 | 0.0710 | -3.07 | 0.0659 | -5.67 |
2 | 1700 | 12.3 | 0.0731 | -6.15 | 0.0603 | 3.39 | |
3 | 1660 | 14.2 | 0.0670 | 2.77 | 0.0595 | 4.68 | |
Mean | 1810 | 6.52 | 0.0703 | -2.15 | 0.0619 | 0.799 | |
55.6 | 1 | 626 | 67.7 | 0.0443 | 35.7 | 0.0426 | 31.7 |
2 | 596 | 69.2 | 0.0514 | 25.3 | 0.0459 | 26.5 | |
3 | 667 | 65.6 | 0.0412 | 40.2 | 0.0440 | 29.4 | |
Mean | 630 | 67.5 | 0.0456 | 33.7 | 0.0442 | 29.2 | |
100 | 1 | 57.5 | 97.0 | 0.00940 | 86.4 | 0.00724 | 88.4 |
2 | 60.9 | 96.9 | 0.00895 | 87.0 | 0.00743 | 88.1 | |
3 | 66.8 | 96.6 | 0.0109 | 84.1 | 0.00871 | 86.0 | |
Mean | 61.7 | 96.8 | 0.00976 | 85.8 | 0.00779 | 87.5 |
Table 6. Cell densities during the 72-hr exposure
Nominal Concentration (mg/L) | No. | Cell densities (x 104cells/mL) | |||
0 hour | 24 hours | 48 hours | 72 hours | ||
Control | 1 | 1.00 | 5.41 | 27.5 | 103 |
2 | 1.00 | 4.97 | 27.8 | 103 | |
3 | 1.00 | 5.03 | 25.2 | 101 | |
Mean | 1.00 | 5.14 | 26.8 | 102 | |
SD | 0 | 0.238 | 1.45 | 0.958 | |
9.53 | 1 | 1.00 | 5.53 | 31.5 | 114 |
2 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 30.8 | 124 | |
3 | 1.00 | 4.90 | 29.5 | 118 | |
Mean | 1.00 | 5.14 | 30.6 | 118 | |
SD | 0 | 0.339 | 1.01 | 4.77 | |
17.1 | 1 | 1.00 | 5.29 | 29.2 | 120 |
2 | 1.00 | 5.53 | 30.9 | 112 | |
3 | 1.00 | 5.15 | 31.1 | 116 | |
Mean | 1.00 | 5.32 | 30.4 | 116 | |
SD | 0 | 0.191 | 1.05 | 4.22 | |
30.9 | 1 | 1.00 | 4.84 | 26.6 | 115 |
2 | 1.00 | 4.64 | 26.8 | 83.6 | |
3 | 1.00 | 4.89 | 24.4 | 84.9 | |
Mean | 1.00 | 4.79 | 25.9 | 94.4 | |
SD | 0 | 0.136 | 1.33 | 17.5 | |
55.6 | 1 | 1.00 | 3.68 | 10.7 | 28.5 |
2 | 1.00 | 3.05 | 10.5 | 27.6 | |
3 | 1.00 | 3.87 | 10.4 | 32.0 | |
Mean | 1.00 | 3.54 | 10.5 | 29.4 | |
SD | 0 | 0.428 | 0.134 | 2.35 | |
100 | 1 | 1.00 | 1.65 | 2.07 | 2.34 |
2 | 1.00 | 1.71 | 2.11 | 2.44 | |
3 | 1.00 | 1.73 | 2.24 | 2.62 | |
Mean | 1.00 | 1.70 | 2.14 | 2.47 | |
SD | 0 | 0.0378 | 0.0903 | 0.143 |
Table 7. Results of statistical analysis
Nominal concentration (mg/L) |
Detection index | ||
Area under the growth curve | Growth rate (24-48h) | Growth rate (24-72h) | |
9.53 | - | - | - |
17.1 | - | - | - |
30.9 | - | - | - |
55.6 | # | ** | ** |
100 | # | # | # |
Statistics |
Bartlett’s test Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test Dunnett’s multiple comparison test (nonparametric) |
Bartlett’s test One-Way ANOVA Dunnett’s multiple comparison test |
Bartlett’s test One-Way ANOVA Dunnett’s multiple comparison test |
**: p<0.01
-: No significant difference
#: Statistical analysis was not performed because of higer concentration than EC50.
Calculation of inhibition rates in measured parameters on growth:
The mean value of cell concentration for each test level was plotted against time to produce growth curves.
Using this curve, inhibition rates were calculated comparing with control values on area under the growth curve and growth rate.
The area under the growth curve (A) was calculated according to the following formula:
A = [(N1 - N0) / 2] × t1 + [(N1 + N2 - 2N0) / 2] × (t2 - t1) + ... + [(Nn-1 + Nn - 2N0) / 2] × (tn - tn-1)
N0 = cell density at the start of the exposure
N1 = cell density at t1
Nn = cell density at tn
t1 = Time for fist measurement of cell density during the exposure
tn = Time for n-th measurement of cell density during the exposure
Percentage of inhitition (IA) was calculated according to the following formula:
IA = [(Ac - At)/Ac] × 100
Ac = area under the growth curve in control group
At = area under the growth cuve in each test group
The growth rate (μ) was calculated as the logarithmic increase in biomass according to the following formula:
μ = (lnNn - lnN1) / (tn - t1)
N1= cell density at t1
Nn= cell density at tn
t1= Time for fist measurement of cell density during the exposure
tn= Time for n-th measurement of cell density during the exposure
Percentage of inhibition (Iμ) was calculated according to the following formula:
Iμ = [(μc - μt) / μc ] × 100
μc = growth rate of control group
μt = growth rate of each test grop
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Cell densities in control cultures increased over 16-fold, and the concentration of the test material did not fall below 80% of original during 72 h.
- Conclusions:
- The acute toxicity of 2-Vinylpyridine to Pseudokirchnerella subcapitata (reported as Selenastrum capricornutum) was investigated in a standard test protocol (OECD guideline 201). After 72 h of exposure, the EC50 based on growth rate was 64.4 mg/L and on biomass expansion was 50.8 mg/L. The NOEC for based on growth rate nad on biomass expansion was 30.9 mg/L .
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