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EC number: 948-766-3 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_ecotoxicological-information.png)
Short-term toxicity to fish
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 14th March 2002 to 19th March 2002
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Well documented guideline study. The substance was identified by a statement from the manufacturer. No analytical monitoring.
- Justification for type of information:
- A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: "Guideline for measuring the acute toxicity of offshore chemicals to juvenile marine fish, the turbot Scophthalmus maximus and the shepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus", based on OECD guideline for Testing of Chemicals n°203 (17/07/92)
- Deviations:
- no
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Based on OECD guideline for Testing of Chemicals n° 203 (17/07/92).
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
No test surrogate material is tested - Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- Not applicable (no analytical monitoring)
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances):
- Method: Water accomodation fractions (WAF). WAF of different loadings were prepared in 10-L glass flasks by mixing different amounts of test substance with dilution water (natural seawater with a salinity of 3.2-3.4% filtered on a gravel filter to 50-70 µm) for 20 hrs. The mixture was sedimented for minimum 2.5 hrs before the WAF were siphoned into the individual test vessels.
- Controls: Dilution water without test substance - Test organisms (species):
- other: Scophthalmus maximus
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Turbot
- Source: Stolt Sea Farms, Oye, Norway
- Age at study initiation: Juvenile
- Length at study initiation: 40-60 mm
- Feeding during test: No feeding
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation conditions: Continuous flow of natural gravel filtered sea water at 10 +/- 3°C and salinity of 3.2-3.4% under normal light intensity (40 W tungsten lamps) at 16:8h light:dark cycle
- Type of food: Commercila fish fry feed
- Feeding frequency: Every 3 days - Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- No post exposure observation
- Hardness:
- Not relevant (seawater study)
- Test temperature:
- 15 +/- 1.5 °C
- pH:
- 7.80 - 8.03
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 85 - 98% saturation
- Salinity:
- 45.0 - 45.5 mS
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations (based upon loading rate): 27, 66, 164, 410, 1028 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Type: Open
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: White polyethylene vessels, 35 L, filled with 10 L WAF (test) or dilution seawater (control)
- Aeration: yes
- Renewal rate of test solution: Every 48 hrs
- No. of organisms per vessel (test): 7
- No. of organisms per vessel (control): 10
- No. of organisms per vessel (sensitivity control): 10
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 2
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 1
- No. of vessels per sensitivity control (replicates): 1 per concentration
- Biomass loading rate: test 2.91 mg/L; control 1.38 mg/L
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source of dilution water: Natural seawater with a salinity of 3.2-3.4% filtered in a gravel filter to 50-70 µm
- Intervals of water quality measurement: Every 48 hrs
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16 h light / 8 h dark
- Light intensity: 40 W tungsten lamps
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable): Immobilisation
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 2.5 - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- 3,5-dichlorophenol
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LL50
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 028 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- (loading rate)
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- - Results with reference substance are valid
- Mortality: 20% after 96-hr exposure to 0.53 mg/L of 3,5-dichlorophenol; 100% mortality after 24-hr exposure to 0.67 mg/L of 3,5-dichlorophenol - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- No statistics (LL50 not reached)
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
Concentration (mg/L)
Day 0 (initiation)
Day 4 (96 hrs)
Temperature (°C)
Salinity (mS)
% O2
pH
Temperature (°C)
Salinity (mS)
% O2
pH
Control
15.1
45.0
96
8.01
15.7
45.3
87
7.86
27
-
45.0
93
8.01
-
45.4
90
7.82
66
-
45.1
92
8.02
-
45.3
89
7.81
165
-
45.0
91
8.01
-
45.2
90
7.81
410
-
45.0
90
8.03
-
45.4
91
7.82
1028
-
45.0
90
8.04
-
45.5
92
7.83
Nominal loading (mg/L)
Number of fish
Initial
Immobilised/dead
24h
48 h
72 h
96 h
Cumulative
Control
10
0
0
0
0
0
27
7 x 2
0
0
0
0
0
66
7 x 2
0
0
0
0
0
165
7 x 2
0
0
0
0
0
410
7 x 2
0
0
0
0
0
1028
7 x 2
0
0
0
0
0
Validity of the test:
- The fish in the sensitivity control series exposed to 0.53 mg/L of 3.5 -dichlorophenol behaved lethargic but with normal swimming behaviour and a cumulative immobilisation/mortality of 20% after 96 -hr exposure. A second sensitivity control series exosed to 0.67 mg/L of 3,5 -dichlorophenol behaved lethargic after 24-hr exposure with a cumulative immobilization/mortality of 100% after 48-hr exposure.
- The fish in the control series showed normal swimming behaviour showing a cumulative immobilization/mortality of 0% after 96-hr exposure.
- Saturation of oxygen in the control series and the highest concentration of the test did not fall below 85% during the exposure.
- Temperature in the exposure vessels during 96 hrs of exposure was 15.0 +/- 0.7 °C.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- - Sensitivity of the fish exposed to 0.6 mg/L of 3,5-dichorophenol in the range of 20-80% immobile animals; immobilisation in the control series <= 10% after 96-hr exposure; saturation of oxygen greater than 60%; temperature in the range 15+/-1.5°C.
- Conclusions:
- The 96-h LL50 (mortality) for juveniles of the marine fish Scophthalmus maximus was > 1028 mg/L (based on nominal loading rate).
- Executive summary:
An acute toxicity test was conducted on juveniles of the marine fish Scophthalmus maximus (Turbot). The test substance concentrations (nominal loading rates) ranged from 27 to 1028 mg/L. Test solutions were prepared as individual water accomodated fractions (WAF). Control and dilution water were natural seawater of 3.2 -3.4% salinity filtered through a gravel filter to 50 -70 µm. Test substance was mixed in dilution water for 20 hrs and the mixture was allowed to settle for a minimum of 2.5 hrs prior to drawing off the aqueous solution for testing. Test vessels were 35 -L white polyethylene vessels, each containing 10 L of test solution. In the test, 5 concentrations were tested in a geometric series: 27, 66, 165, 410, and 1028 mg/L. Two replicates each containing 7 fishes (biomass loading rate: 2.91 g/L) for the testing and 1 replicate containing 10 fishes (biomass loading rate: 1.38 g/L) for the control were used.
Dissolved oxygen was >60% saturation. The pH was 7.80 - 8.03. The temperature was 15.0 +/- 0.7 °C. Test organisms were obtained from a fish farm (Stolt Sea Farms, Oye, Norway). At the test start, the organisms were 40 - 60 mm long juveniles. No deviations from the protocol were noted. Analytical monitoring was not performed. Therefore the results are based on the loading rate. Results were 96h-LL50 > 1028 mg/L (based upon nominal loading rate).
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- January 1986
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- This robust summary has a reliability rating of 2 because the study did not follow GLP and the test containers were open to the air, which allowed for some volatile loss of the test substance. The study followed a standard guideline and was conducted without deviations that would invalidate the study.
- Justification for type of information:
- A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Unpublished Environment Canada Guideline: Environmental Protection Service 1985; Laboratory for determining the acute lethality of a water-soluble fraction of mineral oil to rainbow trout. Environment Canada, Dartmouth, N.S. June 17.
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
No test surrogate material is tested - Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Samples for analyses were taken at test initiation and termination. 1-L water samples were siphoned from mid-depth in each container into glass Mason jars. Jars and aluminium foil for capping the jars had been baked overnight at 250 °C. Samples were preserved with 1 mL of 50% HCl. Foil was placed over the tops of the jars and screw caps were put on tightly. The samples were kept in the dark in a cold room at approximately 4°C prior to analysis within 2 days.
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- The treatment solution was prepared by adding one part of the test substance to nine parts dechlorinated tap water for a total volume of 100 L in 120 L cylindrical fiberglass tanks. The tanks were covered with a sheet of polyethylene, and the stock solution was mixed for 20 hours at room temperature with a vortex of approximately 25%. Mixing was performed using a magnetic stir plate and stir bar. After mixing, the solutions were allowed to separate for four hours and the Water Accommodated Fraction (WAF) was then siphoned from the bottom of the mixing vessel and added to the test vessels. Siphons were placed in the tanks prior to adding the test material. Analytical measurements confirmed components of the test material were present in the test solution.
- Test organisms (species):
- Oncorhynchus mykiss (previous name: Salmo gairdneri)
- Details on test organisms:
- Reported as former name, Salmo gairdneri. Juvenile trout were obtained from Loch Bras d'Or Salmon Farms in Baddeck, Nova Scotia, Canada. The fish had been maintained at a temperature of approximately 5 ºC at the hatchery. The fish were kept in the testing laboratory in dechlorinated tap water. Prior to the start of the test, the holding water was increased in temperature to approximately 15 ºC in 2 ºC/day increments. Fish were fed daily until 24 hours prior to test initiation. The mean length of the fish was 45.9 mm, mean weight was 0.85 g, and test loading was approximately 0.125 g fish/L. Fish were not fed during the exposure period.
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation condition: temperature increased from 5°C to 15°C in 2°C daily increments
- Feeding frequency: Daily until 24 hours before the begining of the test - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- yes
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- No post exposure observations
- Hardness:
- No data
- Test temperature:
- 15.5 - 19.2 °C
- pH:
- 6.7 - 7.3
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 7.6 - 10.5 mg/L
- Salinity:
- Not relevant (Freshwater study)
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Water accomodated fractions were prepared by adding one part of the test substance to nine parts dechlorinated tap water for a total volume of 100 L in 120 L cylindrical fiberglass tanks. The nominal loading was 788,000 mg/L. The test substance concentration was 200 ppb at test initiation and 120 ppb at termination. The control measured 40 ppb at test initiation.
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Type: open
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 60-L circular polyethylene container
- Aeration: None
- No. of organisms per vessel: 10 (loading density: 2.0 L/g of fish/24 h of exposure)
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 1
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 1
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable): Mortality at 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 8, 11, and 24 hours, and 2, 3, and 4 days. - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LL0
- Effect conc.:
- 87 556 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LL50
- Effect conc.:
- > 87 556 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Details on results:
- No mortality was observed from a water soluble fraction of the test substance prepared at a loading of 87,556 mg/L.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- None were needed as there was no mortality.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The water accommodated fraction of the test substance produced a 96-hour LL50 value of >87,556 mg/L and LL0 value of 87,556 mg/L to the fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss. No mortality was observed in either the control or treatment systems.
- Executive summary:
The water accommodated fraction of the test substance produced a 96-hour LL50 value of >87,556 mg/L and LL0 value of 87,556 mg/L to the fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss. No mortality was observed in either the control or treatment systems.
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
There is no data available for this substance. However, key and supporting data is available for structural analogues. The data is read across to this substance based on analogue read across and a discussion and report on the read across strategy is provided as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13. Key information is summarised below:
Hydrocarbons, C14-C18, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics presented a 96-h LL50 (mortality) for juveniles of the marine fish Scophthalmus maximus of > 1028 mg/L (based on nominal loading rate).
Hydrocarbons, C12-C16, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics presented a 96-h LL50 value for Oncorhynchus mykiss of >87,556 mg/L (based on water accomodated fractions).
The toxicity level was never reached in any study despite the high loading level tested. Therefore, this substance is considered to display no acute toxicity to fish based on an analogue read across approach.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
Five study reports were available and input as endpoint records. Four studies were scientifically reliable according to Klimish (Klimish et al., 1997) scoring (Klimish 2). The fifth one was scored 4 (unassignable) despite of its scientific value because the test substance was not fully described.
Due to the low and variable solubility of the constituents of the substance in water, most of the studies were conducted with water accommodated fractions (WAFs). Marine fish Turbot (reported as Scophthalmus maximus, presently Psetta maxima) was exposed to Hydrocarbons, C14-C18, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics. WAFs and no toxic effect/s (recorded as fish immobilization) was obtained with nominal loadings up to 1028 mg/L (Altin, 2002). Studies conducted with freshwater species (Calmels, 1994; Dufresne 2001a and b) lead to similar results. Zebrafish (reported as Brachydanio rerio, presently Danio rerio) exposure to the same substance as in the above turbot experiment was performed using a mixture of acetone and emulsifier Montanox: no mortality was recorded with nominal concentrations up to 250 mg/L. Dufresne (2001a) conducted a study where freshwater fish fathead minnows Pimephales promelas were exposed to Hydrocarbons, C12-C15, n-alkanes, <2% aromatics and Hydrocarbons, C14-C17,n-alkanes, <2% aromatics as WAFs (1 part of test material + 10 parts of dilution water - exposure to 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100% WAF) in a semi-static test with renewal of the test medium every 48h. No significant mortality was reported even with the highest concentration (100% WAF), corresponding to 70 mg/L (nominal loading) for Hydrocarbons, C14-C17, n-alkanes, <2% aromatics.
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