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EC number: 244-214-4 | CAS number: 21109-95-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
The release of barium upon dissolution of BaS determines the chronic toxicity of BaS to invertebrates under normal environmental conditions, and the 21-d NOEC of 3.58 mg BaS/L is considered in the freshwater CSA.
A nominal 7d-NOEC of 10 mg Ba/L was reported for embryonal hatching of the marine invertebrate Cancer anthonyi (Macdonald et al, 1988) corresponding to the 7d-NOEC of 12.3 mg BaS/L, and this endpoint is considered in the marine CSA.
The first study by Biesinger and Christensen reported a 21d-EC16 of 5.8 mg Ba/L (nominal values), which can be used for the estimation of a NOEC-value of 2.9 mg Ba/L (i.e., EC16/2; ECHA-guidance). This value translates to an 21d-NOEC of 3.58 mg BaS/L.
The second data point was generated for the marine invertebrate Cancer anthonyi (Macdonald et al, 1988). Here, a nominal 7d-NOEC of 10 mg Ba/L was reported, and this for the endpoint embryonal hatching. This value translates to a 7d-NOEC of 12.3 mg BaS/L.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 3.6 mg/L
Marine water invertebrates
Marine water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 12.3 mg/L
Additional information
Reliable chronic toxicity data for freshwater/marine invertebrates are available for barium but not for sulfate. Toxic effects of released sulfide from BaS are not relevant for the chronic hazard assessment of BaS as it is oxidized to sulfate, and thus the toxicity of sulfate should be assessed. In freshwater, however, sulfate appears to be of low toxicity to invertebrates with acute LC/EC50 values far above 1000 mg/L. Sulfate is essential to all living organisms, their intracellular and extracellular concentrations are actively regulated and thus, sulfates are of low toxicity to the environment (OECD SIDS for Na2SO4). The solubility product constant of barium sulfate of 1.1×10–10 indicates that once sulfide released from BaS is oxidized to sulfate, and that barite (BaSO4) precipitates. Therefore, it may conservatively be assumed that the toxicological moiety of concern for the long-term toxicity of BaS to invertebrates (if any) is barium and further that the contribution of sulfate to the overall toxicity of BaS may be neglected.
Biesinger and Christensen (1972) reported a nominal 21-EC16of 5.8 mg Ba/L for the water fleaDaphnia magna. Measured concentration levels were not reported. According to ECHA Guidance, a NOEC can be estimated by dividing a reliable ECXby 2 when X refers to an effect between 10 and 20%. The 21d-EC16of 5.8 mg Ba/L is compliant with this criterion. Thus, a NOEC of 2.9 mg Ba/L is derived for the reproduction ofDaphnia magnain freshwater corresponding to the 21d-NOEC of 3.58 mg BaS/L. Sulfate released from 3.58 mg BaS/L remains below typical baseline levels for sulfate in pristine surface waters. The median value for sulfate in the FOREGS dataset amounts to 16.1 mg/L (www.gtk.fi/publ/foregsatlas).Thus, that the contribution of sulfate to the overall toxicity of BaS may be neglected.
Macdonald et al (1988) reported a 7d-NOEC of 10 mg Ba/L for the marine speciesCancer anthonyi. The outcome of this study is considered relevant for assessing long-term risks (chronic exposure) as the study combines a sensitive life-stage and endpoint (hatching/development of 24h embryos) with an exposure period (7d) that is significantly longer than conventional acute exposure periods for invertebrates (48-96 hours).
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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