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EC number: 225-582-5 | CAS number: 4940-11-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Biodegradation in water: screening tests
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 15 January 1993 - 12 February 1993
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 B (Ready Biodegradability: CO2 Evolution Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Adaptations in line with Birch, R. R., & Fletcher, R. J. (1991)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge (adaptation not specified)
- Details on inoculum:
- Secondary effluent from an unacclimatised activated sludge plant at URL North in Liverpool. The inoculum was 10% by volume and was filtered through a Whatman filter paper to remove the coarse particulate matter. The level of dissolved inorganic carbon was reduced by sparging the filtered effluent with nitrogen at pH 6.5.
- Duration of test (contact time):
- 28 d
- Initial conc.:
- 9.19 mg/L
- Based on:
- other: organic carbon
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- inorg. C analysis
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- CO2 evolution
- Details on study design:
- TEST CONDITIONS
- Preparation stock solutions:
Stock solutions of the test substances with the exception of benzyl alcohol, were prepared by dissolving an appropriate mass in warm distilled water (approx. 55 °C) After shaking for 3 h in a closed vessel the stock solutions were filtered (Whatman 541 filter) and the total carbon (TC) concentration of the filtrate determined using an Ionics total carbon analyser. Since the test substance is volatile the acidification and sparging step in the analysis were omitted. Therefore, in order to determine the dissolved organic carbon concentration of the stock solutions, a water blank was also analysed by the same procedure to give an estimate of the total inorganic carbon content of the water used to prepare the stock solutions (assuming a minimal DOC content).
The DOC concentrations of the stock solutions were determined by subtractions of the water blank value from the TC values of the stock solutions. A 5 mL volume of each test substance stock solution was added to the appropriate test vessels. Benzyl alcohol was added directly using a high precision volumetric syringe. (1.2 µL)
TEST SYSTEM
- Culturing apparatus: 160 mL sealed vessels hypovials containing 100 mL mineral salts medium inoculated with secondary effluent and the respective test or reference substance. Vessels were incubated at 20°C on a rotary shaker.
- Number of culture flasks/concentration: 5 vessels per test/reference substance
- Method used to create aerobic conditions: The headspace in each vessel had a volume of 60 mL and when filled with air contains approximately 6 times the mass of oxygen required for the complete oxidation of the substance.
- Measuring equipment: Ionics 555 Inorganic Carbon Analyser
- Test performed in closed vessels due to significant volatility of test substance: yes, sealed with butyl rubber septum and an aluminium crimp seal.
SAMPLING
- Sampling frequency: day 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, and 28
- Sampling method: Carbon dioxide was measured in the head space gas and inorganic carbon was measured in the liquid medium of 1 vessel. On the final test day more than one vessel is analysed for both the test compound and the control.
CONTROL AND BLANK SYSTEM
The control vessels are identical to the test vessel except for the omission of the test substance. Benzyl alcohol was used as reference substance.
The percentage biodegradation is given by:
(TICt – TICc) /TC * 100%
TICt = µg Total Inorganic Carbon in test bottle
TICc = µg Total Inorganic Carbon in control bottle
TC = µg organic carbon added to test vessel as test compound.
The total inorganic carbon is the summation of the results of the analysis of the liquid and gas phases of each bottle after reference to the appropriate inorganic standard curve. - Reference substance:
- other: Benzyl alcohol
- Test performance:
- Benzyl alcohol achieved 95.8 % biodegradation at day 28 and the 60% pass level was reached within 10 days after achieving 10% biodegradation.
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (inorg. C analysis)
- Value:
- 104.4
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CL: 100.2 - 108.5
- Remarks:
- based on 5 samples
- Details on results:
- The air temperature over the 28 day test period was in the range of 18 - 21 °C. The degradation showed 2.7, 79.4, 93.5, 99.4, 102.3, 108.5 and 105.6 at day 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21 and 24 days. The apparent biodegradation values in exess of 100% can be attributed to small inaccuracies associated with the analysis and subsequent extrapolation of values from the stock solutions to the actual test system.
- Results with reference substance:
- Benzyl alcohol achieved 95.8% biodegradation after 28-days and the 60% "pass"level was reached within 10 days of exceeding the 10% level. Confirming the suitability of the inoculum and the test conditions.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Most validity criteria are met. The substance is clearly readily bbiodegradable but raw data on replicates are not available and the pH measurements are not included in the report
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- The test substance exceeded the 60% pass level and met the 10 day window therefore, the test substance is considered readily biodegradable.
- Executive summary:
The ready biodegradability was determined with a CO2 Evolution Test in accordance with OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals 301B and in compliance with GLP in a closed system. The test concentration was 15.5 mg/l Ethyl Maltol (9.19 mg/L organic carbon content). The test medium was inoculated with secondary effluent from a unacclimatised activated sludge plant. Carbon dioxide was measured in the head space gas and inorganic carbon was measured in the liquid medium on day 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, and 28. Benzyl alcohol was used as a reference substance and achieved 95.8% biodegradation after 28-days. The 60% "pass" level was reached within 10 days of exceeding the 10% level, confirming the suitability of the inoculum and the test conditions. After 28 days a biodegradability of 104.4% was measured for Ethyl Maltol with a 95% confidence interval of 100.2 – 108.5. The test substance exceeded the 60% pass level and met the 10 day window therefore, the test substance is considered readily biodegradable.
Reference
Description of key information
The ready biodegradability was determined with a CO2 Evolution Test in accordance with OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals 301B and in compliance with GLP in a closed system. The test concentration was 15.5 mg/l Ethyl Maltol (9.19 mg/L organic carbon content). The test medium was inoculated with secondary effluent from a unacclimatised activated sludge plant. Carbon dioxide was measured in the head space gas and inorganic carbon was measured in the liquid medium on day 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, and 28. Benzyl alcohol was used as a reference substance and achieved 95.8% biodegradation after 28-days. The 60% "pass" level was reached within 10 days of exceeding the 10% level, confirming the suitability of the inoculum and the test conditions. After 28 days a biodegradability of 104.4% was measured for Ethyl Maltol with a 95% confidence interval of 100.2 – 108.5. The test substance exceeded the 60% pass level and met the 10 day window therefore, the test substance is considered readily biodegradable.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Biodegradation in water:
- readily biodegradable
Additional information
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