Anthracene oil

Toxicity to terrestrial arthropods

Administrative data

Endpoint:

toxicity to non-target arthropods (aged residue studies) (NTA other than pollinators)

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

publication

Title:

Studies on the effect of soil aging on the toxicity of pyrene and phenanthrene to a soil-dwelling springtail

Author:

Sverdrup LE, Jensen J, Krogh PH, Stenersen J

Year:

2002

Bibliographic source:

Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21, 489-492

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

ISO 11267 (Inhibition of Reproduction of Collembola by Soil Pollutants)

Version / remarks:

Version 1999

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Toxicity tests were performed using two test materials (phenanthrene and pyrene) and four different test substrates: a) freshly spiked soil, b) soil spiked for 10 days, c) soil spiked for 40 days, d) soil spiked for 120 days

GLP compliance:

not specified

Application method:

soil

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Phenanthrene

EC Number:

201-581-5

EC Name:

Phenanthrene

Cas Number:

85-01-8

Molecular formula:

C14H10

IUPAC Name:

phenanthrene

Test material form:

solid

Details on test material:

- Substance type: organic
- for additional information see study record

Specific details on test material used for the study:

- Name of test material (as cited in study report): phenanthrene
- Source of test material: Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Analyticl purity: > 96 %

Sampling and analysis

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

- Concentrations: samples of 50 and 200 mg/kg soil dw (fresh spiked soil),
samples of 25 and 400 mg/kg soil dw (10-d aged soil),
samples of 100 and 400 mg/kg soil dw (40- and 120-d aged soil)
- Sampling time: soil samples (2.5 g) were taken at the start of the exposure period.

Test substrate

Vehicle:

yes

Remarks:

acetone

Details on preparation and application of test substrate:

- Method of mixing into soil or dung: acetone (4 ml) with test substance was added to each container and mixed thoroughly into soil (26 g dw soil/container).
- Controls: vehicle controls (soil treated with acetone but without test material)
- Chemical name of vehicle (organic solvent, emulsifier or dispersant): acetone
- Evaporation of vehicle before use: yes (containers containing the acetone/soil preparations were left under a fume hood for 24 h)
- Volume of test solution applied: 4 ml

Test organisms

Test organisms (species):

Folsomia fimetaria

Animal group:

Collembola (soil-dwelling springtail)

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Source: Permanently cultured at the Danish National Environmental Institute (Silkeborg, Denmark)
- Age at test initiation (mean and range, SD): 23 - 26 d
- Weight at test initiation (mean and range, SD): no data

CULTURING TECHNIQUE
- Method: mass-bred in petri dishes containing dampened charcoal/plaster of Paris mixture
- Photoperiod: 12:12 h (light:dark)
- Temperature: 20 ± 1 °C
- Feed: Baker's yeast

ACCLIMATION
- not specified

Study design

Study type:

laboratory study

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

21 d

Post exposure observation period:

no data

Test conditions

Test temperature:

20 ± 1°C

pH (if soil or dung study):

6.2

Humidity:

50% of water holding capacity; watering during storage (aging time) and exposure period if neccessary

Photoperiod and lighting:

- Photoperiod: 12:12 h (light:dark)
- Light intensity: 400 - 800 lux

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test soils: toxicity tests were conducted with freshly spiked soil and spiked soil samples aged for 10, 40, and 120 d.
- Test container (material, size): Plastic cylinder (5.5 cm high, 6 cm diameter) with 1-mm mesh in the bottom; during incubation closed at top and bottom with lids
- Amount of soil or substrate: 26 g ± 0.05 g
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): 10 males and 10 females
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 4
- No. of replicates per control: 0 (only vehicle controls)
- No. of replicates per vehicle control: 4
- Feeding regime: at the start of exposure and after 7 and 14 days, the test containers were opened for feeding and water control
- Type of food: baker's yeast, no further information
- Amount of food: no data
- Addition of water: after 7 and 14 days in case of water loss

SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Soil test substrate: Danish agricultural soil
- Geographic location: Askov, Jutland, Denmark
- Soil texture (if natural soil): sandy loam
- Composition: coarse sand (0.2 – 2 mm) 38.4 %,
fine sand (0.063 – 0.2 mm) 23.6 %,
coarse silt (0.02 – 0.063 mm) 10.0 %,
fine silt (0.002 – 0.02 mm) 12.3 %,
clay (<0.002 mm) 13 %,
humus 2.8 %,
- Organic carbon content: 1.6 %,
- Soil pH: 6.2, no adjustment
- Density: 1.135 g/cm³ dry soil
- Maximum water holding capacity (in % dry weight): no data
- CEC (Cation exchange capacity): 8.14 meq/100 g
- Pretreatment of soil prior to use: drying at 80 °C for 24 h, sieving (2 mm mesh)
- Stability and homogeneity of test material in the medium: no detailed data (test performed in closed vessels due to significant volatility of the test material)

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 12:12 h (light:dark)
- Light intensity: 400 - 800 lux
- Opening of test containers after 7 and 14 d for feeding and addition of water (if necessary)
- Aging of soil samples containing test substance prior to test: 0, 10, 40, and 120 d (storage conditions during aging the same as test conditions)
- Addition of water: containers were opened every second week and/or at the start of the toxicity tests and water was added according to the water loss.

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: mortality, reproduction at end of exposure time (21 d)

VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: yes (details see above)

TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: geometric series with a factor of 2 (five test concentrations)
- Range finding study: no data

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal: 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg soil (dw)
Recovery of concentrations at analysed levels after aging (see above: details on sampling):
0 d: ca. 75 - 95 %; 10 d: ca. 65 %; 40 d: ca. 50 %; 120 d: ca. 10% (values are taken from figure 1 of the publication in a rough estimate)

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Results and discussion

Effect concentrations

Effect concentrations 1

Key result

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

EC10

Remarks:

geometric mean

Effect conc.:

18 mg/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

meas. (initial)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Remarks on result:

other: effect concentration for a soil with 2 % organic carbon (geometric mean of four EC10 values for spiked soil aged for different time periods)

Effect concentrations 2

Key result

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

EC10

Effect conc.:

29 mg/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

meas. (initial)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Remarks:

exposure in freshly spiked soil

Remarks on result:

other: recalculated to a standard soil with 2 % organic carbon

Effect concentrations 3

Key result

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

EC10

Effect conc.:

23 mg/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

meas. (initial)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Remarks:

exposure in freshly spiked soil

Remarks on result:

other: 95% C.I.: 9.1 - 38 mg/kg soil dw

Effect concentrations 4

Key result

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

EC10

Effect conc.:

18 mg/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

meas. (initial)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Remarks:

exposure 10 d after spiking

Remarks on result:

other: recalculated to a standard soil with 2 % organic carbon

Effect concentrations 5

Key result

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

EC10

Effect conc.:

14 mg/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

meas. (initial)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Remarks:

exposure 10 d after spiking

Remarks on result:

other: 95% C.I.: 12 - 16 mg/kg soil (dw)

Effect concentrations 6

Key result

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

EC10

Effect conc.:

18 mg/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

meas. (initial)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Remarks:

exposure 40 d after spiking

Remarks on result:

other: recalculated to a standard soil with 2 % organic carbon

Effect concentrations 7

Key result

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

EC10

Effect conc.:

14 mg/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

meas. (initial)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Remarks:

exposure 40 d after spiking

Remarks on result:

other: 95% C.I.: 0 - 19 mg/kg soil (dw)

Effect concentrations 8

Key result

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

EC10

Effect conc.:

12 mg/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

meas. (initial)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Remarks:

exposure 120 d after spiking

Remarks on result:

other: recalculated to a standard soil with 2 % organic carbon

Effect concentrations 9

Key result

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

EC10

Effect conc.:

9.4 mg/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

meas. (initial)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Remarks:

exposure 120 d after spiking

Remarks on result:

other: 95% C.I.: 4.3 - 15 mg/kg soil (dw)

Details on results:

Four EC10 values for Folsomia fimetaria in sandy loam soil have been determined. The difference between the four values is the ageing of phenanthrene in the soil. Soils were spiked and toxicity testing started after 0, 10, 40, or 120 days after spiking. The EC10 values for these cases were 29, 17.5, 17.5, and 12 mg/kg soil dw after recalculation to a soil with 2 % organic carbon. The EC10 values are based on measured concentrations. The geometric mean of these EC10 values is 18 mg/kg soil dw, as well based on measured concentrations.

Reported statistics and error estimates:

The concentrations that caused a reduction in the reproductive output to 50 and 10 % (EC50 and EC10 values) were calculated on basis of measured concentrations and by linear interpolation. The confidence intervals were calculated by the inhibition concentration (ICp) method (Nordberg-King 1993, National Effluent Toxicity Assessment Center; Duluth, MN, USA).
The concentration that caused a 50 % reduction in survival (LC50 values) were estimated using probit analysis in SAS/INSIGHT Release 6.12.