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EC number: 231-442-4 | CAS number: 7553-56-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: no guideline study, but the test is performed according to good scientific practice and an adequate and reliable documentation is presented.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Soil transport and plant uptake of radio-iodine from near-surface groundwater
- Author:
- Ashworth, D.J., Shaw, G., Butler, A.P., Ciciani, L.
- Year:
- 2 003
- Bibliographic source:
- J. Environ. Radioactivity, 70, 99-114
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Several soil samples with simulated near-groundwater are studied for 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. On the soil surface perennial ryegrass was sown to examine the uptake by plants. The grass was cutted and examined on a monthly basis. After the 3, 6, 9, and 12 months the soil samples were destructively sampled by removing the water, the grass and seperating the soil column in different discrete horizontal layers.
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Sodium iodide
- EC Number:
- 231-679-3
- EC Name:
- Sodium iodide
- Cas Number:
- 7681-82-5
- Molecular formula:
- INa
- IUPAC Name:
- sodium iodide
- Details on test material:
- Instead of I-127 the radioactive isotope I-125 (Amersham, UK) has been used. It has a physical half-life of around 60 days. As iodide is one of the predominant species of iodine in the soil environment, the substitution of sodium iodide is acceptable.
Constituent 1
Results and discussion
Any other information on results incl. tables
The I-125 content of the soil samples was analysed with reference to a sample of the initial I-125 stock solution by using a solid-state scintillation gamma detector (EG&G Wallac 1282 Compugamma CS; Milton Keyes, UK). The detection efficiency for I-125 added to soil was determined to be about 80%.
At 3 -monthly intervalls the columns were destructively analysed. Therefore the water was removed, the grass was cut and the soil was sepereated in discrete horizontal layers. The soil of each layer was homogenised and stored in a plastic bag to prevent moisture loss. Then from each layer triplicate sub-samples were taken and analysed.
The analysis showed that atfer 3 month the iodine had migrated about half way up the soil column. Afterwards, it tended to accumulate at this layer with only very small amounts being transported in the upper 20 cm of the column. By comparing the results of the I-125 measurement and the determination of the redox conditions within the column it can be assumed that soil moisture and redox potential have a strong influence on the mobility of iodine in soil. The experiment gave indication that the iodine was mobile only in the saturated/ anoxic zone at the base of the column. In the transition zone between the oxic and anoxic conditions iodine was accumulated. The analysis of the grass showed that the uptake of iodine was low.
Futhermore the soil extractability of I-125 for the 3 -month samples was investigated. With deionised water about 6.1% of the I-125 activity was extracted. By using 1M sodium hydroxide solution the extractability could be increased to a mean of 60% of the total I-125 activity. This result suggests that a major part of the iodine is bound to the humic material in the soil which is in line with the results of former studies by Whitehead (Whitehead, 1973; Whitehead, 1974), Tikhomirov et al. (Tikhomirov, 1980) and Bors et al. (Bors, 1988).
References:
Bors J, Martens R, Kuhn W (1988). Studies on the role of natural and anthropogenic organic substances in the mobility of radio-iodine in soils, Radiochimica Acta 52/53, 317 -325.
Tikhomirov FA,Kasparov SV, Prister BS, Sal'nikov VG (1980). Role of organic matter in iodine fixation in soils, Soviet Soil Science, 12(1), 64 -72.
Whitehead DC (1973). The sorption of iodine by soils as influenced by equilibrium conditions and soil properties, J Sci Food Agri, 24, 547 -556.
Whitehead DC (1974). The sorption of iodide by soil components, J Sci Food Agri, 25, 73 -79.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- In contrast to OECD guideline 312 which analyses the leaching of chemicals by rain in soil columns the presented study examines the upward migration of iodine from near-surface groundwater in a soil column and potential uptake by plants. Since both approches investigate the behavior of a chemical in soil the presented study can be considered as relevant for the examination of soil transport.
- Executive summary:
Ashworth et al. examined the upward soil migration behaviour of iodine over one year by placing soil sample columns in sealed containers filled with water simulating an artifical groundwater level. After the establishment of a soil moisture equilibrium perennial ryegrass was sown on the soil surface and the pure water was replaced with water containing I-125 which was constantly replaced to maintain the water level. The soil redox conditions were measured by platinum redox electrode probes at different depths of the soil columns. On a 3 -monthly intervall soil columns were destructively analysed and the I-125 content in several discrete horizontal soil layers determined.
After 3 month the iodine had migrated half way up the column, but then it accumulated at this level, with only very small amounts of iodine being transported further in the upper zone of the soil column. This behaviour might be explained by the soil moisture and redox conditions. The experiments indicated that iodine is mobile only in the saturated/ anoxic zone at the base of the column and accumulates in the transition zone between the anoxic and oxic part of the soil.
Additionally, the soil extractabily of iodine was examined for the 3 month samples indicating that a major part of the iodine is probably bound to the humic substances in the soil as the extractability with 1M sodium hydroxide solution was much higher then the extractability with deionised water. This result is in line with former studies of Whitehead (Whitehead, 1973; Whitehead, 1974), Tikhomirov et al. (Tikhomirov, 1980) and Bors et al. (Bors, 1988).
The analysis of the ryegrass showed that only small amounts of iodine were taken up by the plants.
References:
Bors J, Martens R, Kuhn W (1988). Studies on the role of natural and anthropogenic organic substances in the mobility of radio-iodine in soils, Radiochimica Acta 52/53, 317 -325.
Tikhomirov FA,Kasparov SV, Prister BS, Sal'nikov VG (1980). Role of organic matter in iodine fixation in soils, Soviet Soil Science, 12(1), 64 -72.
Whitehead DC (1973). The sorption of iodine by soils as influenced by equilibrium conditions and soil properties, J Sci Food Agri, 24, 547 -556.
Whitehead DC (1974). The sorption of iodide by soil components, J Sci Food Agri, 25, 73 -79.
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