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EC number: 242-159-0 | CAS number: 18282-10-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Bioaccumulation: terrestrial
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation: terrestrial
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 2016
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Principle of test:
tin dioxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) were radiolabelled using neutron activation, and employed to assess the uptake and excretion kinetics in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Through sequential extraction, NPs bioavailability in two contrasting soils and in earthworm feed was also investigated
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- INFORMATION ON NANOMATERIALS
- Chemical Composition: Tin Dioxide (SnO2)
- Average particle size: 61 nm
- Specific surface area: 14.2 m2 g-1] - Radiolabelling:
- yes
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- -SnO2 NPs mixed into soil or earthworm feed (horse manure) was subjected to a sequential extraction protocol (Salbu et al., 1997). Horse manure (air dried and sieved to <0.5 mm) was
spiked, moistened, mixed thoroughly, and left for 24 h at 20 C (as used in the subsequent uptake experiment) prior to sequential extraction. The two soils were spiked and left for aging at 20 °C for 1, 3, 14, 28 (CeO2) and 1, 14, 28 days (SnO2), before sequential extraction, - Test organisms (species):
- Eisenia fetida
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: earthworm
- Strain: Eisenia fetida
- Source: permanent culture at NIBIO
- Age at test initiation (mean and range, SD): adult
- Weight at test initiation (mean and range, SD): The average wet weight of the worms was 1.31 ± 0.24 g
ACCLIMATION
Eisenia fetida were acclimated at 20 °C and a photoperiod of16:8 h (light:dark) for one week in the respective experimental soils and given the same feed as during the subsequent uptake experiment.
- Health during acclimation (any mortality observed): no mortality observed - Total exposure / uptake duration:
- 14 d
- Total depuration duration:
- d
- Test temperature:
- 20°C
- pH:
- Organic soil: 4.8
Mineral soil: 5.8 - TOC:
- Organic soil: 14.2 [g/100 g dw]
Mineral soil: 1.49 [g/100 g dw] - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Amount of soil or substrate: 500 g / 10 earthworm
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 10 earthworm
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Geographical reference of sampling site (latitude, longitude): soils formed on the same parent bedrock were sampled at the experimental fields of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences in southern Norway (Aas, Akershus County) and were characterized by an accredited laboratory (Eurofins, Moss, Norway).
- Depth of sampling:
- Soil texture : Loamy
- Soil taxonomic classification:
- Soil classification system:
- Composition (if artificial substrate):
- pH water:
- pH soil: 4.8 (organic soil), 5.8 (Mineral soil)
- Organic carbon (%): 14.2 (Organic soil), 1.49 (mineral carbon)
- Moisture (%):
- Maximum water holding capacity (in % dry weight): 65%
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: 6.2
Horse manure (air dried and sieved to <0.5 mm) was spiked, moistened, mixed thoroughly, and left for 24 h at 20 °C (as used in the subsequent uptake experiment) prior to sequential
extraction. The two soils were spiked and left for aging at 20 °C for 1, 14, 28 days (SnO2). - Type:
- BSAF
- Value:
- ca. 1 other: mg g-1 ww worm/mg g-1 ww food
- Elimination:
- yes
- Parameter:
- other: 96% of the ingested tin dioxide was excreted within 2 days of depuration
- Depuration time (DT):
- 2 d
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Details on results:
- During the two weeks of exposure, the average body mass of worms increased from from 1.33 ± 0.07 g ww to 1.46 ± 0.02 g ww for SnO2 NPs. At the end of the exposure period, but prior to emptying their gut content, worms had the following body concentrations (mean ± SD): 1.5 ± 0.36% and 1.7 ± 0.45% of the concentration in the food for CeO2 NPs and Ce ions, respectively, whilst corresponding values for SnO2 NPs were 1.0 ± 0.10%. After depuration for 48 h, the corresponding values were 0.012 ± 0.05%, 0.024 ± 0.11% and 0.04 ± 0.03% of the concentration in the feed for CeO2 NPs, Ce ions and SnO2 NPs, respectively.
- Conclusions:
- SnO2 NPs does not bioaccumulated in earthworms, and was rapidly excreted when worms were transferred to clean soil. Low bioavailability was also indicated by low amounts of NPs recovered during extraction with non-stringent extractants.
- Executive summary:
The use of radioactively labelled tin oxide NPs allowed to quantify the uptake and excretion kinetics in earthworms at low exposure concentrations. We were similarly able to estimate the bioavailability of NPs via chemical extraction of various matrixes, evenwhen the bioaccumulation factors were very low (<0.002%) and metals strongly bound to soil components.
It can be concluded that the experiment points toward the tin Oxide NPs relatively low exposure and therfore low risks associated with these types of nanomaterials.
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation: terrestrial
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Justification for type of information:
- 1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
The main assumption for this read across approach is that the source substance ionic Tin (IV) and the target substance Tin (IV) dioxide NP have a common moiety (Tin ion).
Although the target substance, Tin (IV) dioxide NP, is insoluble in water, it is an amphoteric oxide (F. Sherwood Taylor, 1942). The dissolving part of Tin (IV) dioxide NP in aqueous media will react with acids and become ionic Tin (IV).
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S)
Material Purity [%] APS [nm] SSA [m2 g -1] Morphology
SnO2 use in the earthworm study 99.5% 61 14.2 Faceted
SnO2 Legal entity 99% NA 7.2 Spherical
APS e Average particle size, SSA e Specific surface area.
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
A reliable bioevaluation (dietary exposure) study on earthworm is available for the source substance ionic Tin (IV), showing that SnO2 NPs does not bioaccumulated in earthworms, and it is rapidly excreted when worms are transferred to clean soil. Low bioavailability is also indicated by low amounts of NPs recovered during extraction with non-stringent extractants.
Since the target and the source substance dissociate to the same ion, both target and read-across substance, do share the same toxicological mechanisms and the effects of the target substance is predicted to be equal to the effects of the source substance.
The common compound ionic Tin (IV) is solely responsible for the absence or presence of effects. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
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