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EC number: 204-539-4 | CAS number: 122-39-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- June 1996
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method:
Daphnids were exposed to a dilution series of the substances prepared in IS0 test medium (IS0 1982) based on deionised water. The tests were run in 30 ml plastic vessels each containing 10 ml of test solution. - Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Daphnid
- Source: Lake Langedam, Denmark
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): less than 24 h old - Test type:
- not specified
- Water media type:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- after the exposure period
- Hardness:
- Concerning hardness, no information is clearly given inthe document, consequently we consider that the estimation is done for 10-250 mg CaCO3/L.
- Test temperature:
- Concerning temperature, no information is clearly given inthe document, consequently we consider that the estimation is done for relevant natural environmental conditions (20°C).
- pH:
- Concerning pH, no information is clearly given in the document, consequently we consider that the estimation is done for 6.0-8.5 .
- Dissolved oxygen:
- Concerning dissolved oxygen, no information is clearly given inthe document, consequently we consider that the estimation is done for at least 60% of the air saturation.
- Salinity:
- freshwater test
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- no data
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: yes
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 30 ml plastic vessels containing 10 ml of test substance
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5 animals
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: ISO test medium based on deionised water - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 2 mg/L
- Conc. based on:
- other: as NVOC in lowest, medium and highest concentrations
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95 % CL: 1.69-2.46 mg/L
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- no data
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- no data
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- details of the results not available
- Conclusions:
- The 48 h-EC50 for immobilisation of Daphnia magna was estimated to be 2.0 mg/L: diphenylamine is very toxic to the tested species
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- ISO 6341 (Water quality - Determination of the Inhibition of the Mobility of Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea))
- Deviations:
- not specified
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Swedish Standard SS 02 8106 (Determination of acute lethal toxicity of chemicals substances and effluents to Nitocra spinipes)
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- Melting point: 53°C
- Boiling point: 302°C
- Vapour pressure: 0.0033 Torr at 20°C
- Water solubility (under test conditions): 52±54 mg/l at 20°C
- log Pow: 3.62 - Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Nitocra spinipes and Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- - Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): about 2±4 weeks old
The daphnids (D. magna clone 1) were obtained from laboratory cultures and cultured as in ISO (1996). The culture medium was prepared from
well water and the daphnids in the cultures (but not during the bioassays) were fed daily by a synthetic diet. - Test type:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- after the exposure period
- Hardness:
- Concerning hardness, no information is clearly given inthe document, consequently we consider that the estimation is done for 10-250 mg CaCO3/L.
- Test temperature:
- 20 +/- 2°C
- pH:
- Concerning pH, no information is clearly given in the document, consequently we consider that the estimation is done for 6.0-8.5 .
- Dissolved oxygen:
- The measured values for dissolved oxygen (initial and final) were above 80% of air saturation in all tests.
- Salinity:
- Salinity during culture and testing was 7 psu (practical salinity units g/l)
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- no data
- Details on test conditions:
- Toxicity testing of N. spinipes:
A concentration series was made by progressive dilution (factor, 0.5) with 7 psu (g/l) seawater. Exposures were made in 3-ml wells on disposable Nunc 24 well plates.
The control was made of 7 psu seawater, and a test series with the reference toxicant, potassium dichromate, was made in parallel with each test run. Clean sediment from the Faeroe Islands was added to one series at 10% wet wt. Prior to addition of test organisms, all test solutions and/or suspensions were allowed to settle for 1±2 h.
After addition of test organisms to each well, the plates were incubated in total darkness at 20 +/- 2°C.
TEST SYSTEM
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5
Nitocra are cultured and tested in darkness to standardise illumination intensity.
Survival was recorded by counting the number of live animals after 96 h, and the 96-h LC50 was determined.
Toxicity testing of D. magna:
The toxicity tests with D. magna were made according to ISO (1996) with or without addition of 10% (wet wt.) clean sediment in Petri dishes (i.d. 10 cm)with a volume of 50 ml.
Test solutions were prepared by diluting 16 g sediment to 100 ml with ISO (1996) standardised dilution water, mixing, distributing equal volumes into two Petri dishes. The solutions were allowed to settle for 1±2 h prior to addition of 20 new-born daphnids to each dish. Immobility was recorded after 24 and 48 h.
Temperature during exposure was 20 +/- 2°C and the photoperiod was 12 h light and 12 h darkness. Dilution water controls and a test series with potassium dichromate were made in parallel to each test run. The measured values for dissolved oxygen were above 80% of air saturation in all tests. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- potassium dichromate
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Remarks:
- Daphnia
- Effect conc.:
- 1.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- not specified
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks:
- (in new water)
- Remarks on result:
- other: 0.14 mg/L + UV light
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Remarks:
- Daphnia
- Effect conc.:
- 2.6 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- not specified
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks:
- (in aged water)
- Remarks on result:
- other: 0.58 mg/L + UV light
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Remarks:
- Daphnia
- Effect conc.:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- not specified
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks:
- (in new sediment)
- Remarks on result:
- other: 0.60 mg/L + UV light
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Remarks:
- Nitocra
- Effect conc.:
- 3.7 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- not specified
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks:
- (in new water)
- Remarks on result:
- other: 1.0 mg/L + UV light
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Remarks:
- Nitocra
- Effect conc.:
- > 11 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- not specified
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks:
- (in aged water)
- Remarks on result:
- other: same result + UV light
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Remarks:
- Nitocra
- Effect conc.:
- 1.22 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- not specified
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks:
- (in new sediment)
- Remarks on result:
- other: 0.86 mg/L + UV light
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Remarks:
- Nitocra
- Effect conc.:
- > 10
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- not specified
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks:
- (in aged sediment)
- Remarks on result:
- other: same result + UV light
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Probit analysis or moving average according to Peltier and Weber (1985) was used for determination of 24- and 48-h EC50s for Daphnia and 96-h LC50s for Nitocra. Differences in toxicity (48-h EC50s for Daphnia and 96-h LC50s for Nitocra) due to chemical tested (picric acid, TNT, RDX, DNT and diphenylamine), test medium (water only and plus sediment), ageing (directly and after storage for 30 d), UV activation (illumination for 2 h after termination of regular test), and test species and salinity (Daphnia or Nitocra) was tested by analysis of variances (ANOVA) with the aid of a statistical software package (Crunch ver. 4, Crunch, Software Corp., Oakland, CA, USA).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- survival in controls > 90 %; good sensitivity to the reference substance toxicant potassium dichromate
- Conclusions:
- In this study, diphenylamine was the most toxic of all the chemicals tested
Both ageing and test organism significantly affect its toxicity: ageing in water (hydrolysis) was found to decrease toxicity, and Daphnia was more sensitive than Nitocra
Referenceopen allclose all
Applying the EU classification criteria for environmental danger, the following classification of diphenylamine can be proposed: N: R50/53, i.e. "Very toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment"
The results for Daphnia from the aged sediment tests were not valid because of excessive mortality in the controls.
Description of key information
EC50 48 hr (mobility): 2 mg/l for Daphnia magna (OECD 202)
EC50 48 hr (mobility in new and aged water): 1.2 mg/l and 2.6 mg/l for Daphnia magna (ISO 6341 15)
LC50 96 hr (mortality in new and aged water): 3.7 and > 11 mg/l for Nitocra spinipes (ISO 6341 15)
LC50 96 hr (mortality in new and aged sediment): 1.22 and > 10 mg/l for Nitocra spinipes (ISO 6341 15)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 1.2 mg/L
Marine water invertebrates
Marine water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 1.22 mg/L
Additional information
The key value of 1.2 mg/l for the EC50 48 hr for freshwater invertebrates was chosen regarding the highest reliability for the study and the lowest value for EC50 48 hr; this value was used for classification.
The key value of 1.22 mg/l for the LC50 96 hr for marine invertebrates was chosen regarding the lowest value of LC50 96 hr in the study of Dave & al. (2000). Thanks to this study, it can be considered that the toxicity of diphenylamine depends on the test species, the hydrolysis (new/aged water), biodegradation (new/aged sediment) and photoactivation of the substance.
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